八戸港における外貿機能の変容

本研究では，地方港における外貿機能の変化と後背地産業の変化が如何に関係してきたのか，八戸港を事例として考察する．八戸港は開港期(1939年～1945年)から第一工業港・白銀(しろがね)前面開発期(1946年～1963年)まで，後背地資源およびその加工品の輸出港として機能してきた．第二次世界大戦後には港湾や臨海工業地区の整備が本格的に始まり，その後の工業発展に伴う輸入増加の基礎となった．新産業都市指定期(1964年～1993年)になると港湾整備は第二工業港を中心として進められ，新産業都市誘致企業関連の貨物取扱量が増加した．特に輸入は輸出を大幅に上回るようになり，港湾の性格が一変した．この輸入増加には，従来から立地していた国内原料指向型工場が輸入原料指向型工場へ変化したことも影響している．1994年以降の国際定期コンテナ航路就航期には外貿コンテナ港機能が付与されたが，外貿貨物取扱品目数や外貿貨物コンテナ化率は増加したものの，新たな後背地拡大は見られなかった．

The author aims to examine the relations between the change of the foreign trade function of local ports and the change of industry in hinterland. Hachinohe port in Aomori prefecture is taken to be the case here, and port adjustment, foreign trade function, industry in the hinterland have been made clear by this research. The foreign trade function of Hachinohe port can be classified into four periods. Such indexes of this classification are employed as the change in the main trade freight articles in the trade value, the port adjustment and the change in the amount of handled foreign trade freight. The following characteristics have been made clear: (1) The opening period (1939-1945) Hachinohe port opened as a foreign trading port in 1939, for the first time. Port adjustment was proceeded in the Same area. Main exports were sulfurated iron ore and sulfur transported by the railroad from Matsuo mine in Iwate Prefecture, and limestone and cement from the mines in the south of Hachinohe, but no imports. Therefore, the foreign trade function of Hachinohe port in the opening period can be said as an export port of the hinterland resources and their manufactured goods. (2) The No.1 industrial port and the Shirogane sea front development period (1946-1964) Port adjustment proceeded in the No.1 industrial port and the Shirogane sea front. Main export was ammonium sulfate. The raw material was the sulfurated iron ore mined in Matsuo, and it was processed at the Hachinohe factory of the Nitto Kagaku Kogyo chemical company. Imports of various kinds increased, although quantity was small. The port functioned as an export port of the resources of the hinterland and their manufactured goods, but it began to function as an import port. Further, development of the Hachinohe port and the seaside industrial area began from this period. These became the foundation of increasing imports for the industrial development in the following years. (3) The new industrial city period (1964–1993) Hachinohe city was designated by the government as a new industrial city in 1964. Port adjustment proceeded around the No.2 industrial port, and the amount of freight handling related to the enterprises invited by the new industrial city increased. On the other hand, a function as an export port of the hinterland resources and their manufactured goods declined by the abandonment of the Matsuo mine. Therefore, the amount of import exceeded the that of export drastically, and the character of the port changed completely. It can be said that the designation of a new industrial city was a big opportunity for the development of Hachinohe port and the industrial accumulation. (4) The international container line service period (1994-) An international container line was established in 1994 at Hachinohe port. The foreign trade function as a container port was given by this container line service to Hachinohe port. After that, some container lines were put into service, and the amount of container handling and container trade values increased. Furthermore, the containerized trade freight rate in the trade value and the number of traded freight handling lists rose, too. Containerized freight by the enterprises invited by the designated new industrial city occupied much, and city-oriented freights such as miscellaneous goods increased. But, the total amount of foreign trade freight at Hachinohe port is making little progress now. Hachinohe city occupies a large proportion in the hinterland of Hachinohe port, and the hinterland is not expanding newly.

論説