An Introduction to the Studies of the Official Titles of the Eastern Türküt : On "Qaghan" (可汗) of the "First Türküt Empire"

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  • 東突厥官称号考序説：「突厥第一帝国」に於ける可汗
  • ヒガシトッケツカン ショウゴウコウジョセツ

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Abstract

The results of the studies may be summarized as follows: —(1) “Qaghan” of Türküt, a nomad state, was as a principle the word denoting a sole and absolute ruler. It corresponds to “Shan-yü” 單于of Hiung-nu or “T’ien-tzu” 天子 of the Chinese.(2) In reality this principle was not always realized.(3) From the rule of T’u-mên Qaghan 土門可汗 at least to that of Mo-ho Qaghan 莫何可汗, i. e. 587~588, there were many minor qaghans (小可汗) in various parts besides great qaghans. Sometimes the influence of great qaghans was restricted so that it was almost equal to that of “Chung-mien” 中面 qaghans.(4) Türküt before the rule of Mo-ho Qaghan was a decentralized country consisting of feudal states.(5) After the rule of Ch’ih-pi Qaghan 治畢可汗 (609~619) the number of minor qaghans decreased.(6) This suggests us that the power of a qaghan after Ch’ih-pi was enlarged.(7) This fact will be confirmed by the succeeding studies of “šad” (設) and “tegin” (特勤) which are to be published in the next article by the author.

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