10世紀から11世紀における｢九姓タタル国｣

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書誌事項

タイトル別名
  • The Kingdom of the Toquz Tatar during the 10th and 11th Centuries
  • 10セイキ カラ 11セイキ ニ オケル キュウ セイ タタルコク

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抄録

The Toquz Tatar (“Nine Tatars”) was a nomadic federation of nine tribes which occupied the Mongolian plateau’s central region during the 10th and 11th centuries, but little is known to date about their history or that of the Mongolian plateau in general during that time. This is one reason why the Yenisei Riverbank inscriptions written in the ancient Turkic-Runic Script are such important historical sources. While the term Toquz Tatar appears in E59 of the Yenisei inscriptions on east line 4, the characters immediately following the term had not yet been interpreted, until the author of the present article’s recent decoding. They should be transcribed as “l k a B”. The whole phrasing can be reconstructed as “toquz tatar elikä bardïm” (l went to the Kingdom of the Nine Tatars). Therefore, from the E59 Inscription, we know the Toquz Tatar were known as toquz tatar Eli (Kingdom of the Nine Tatars) to the Kirghiz (qïrqïz). A comparative analysis based on the tamgha (tribal emblem) recorded in the E59, E10 and E11 Inscriptions, combined with the content of the E11 Inscription concerning the mission to China, convinces the author that E59 should be dated sometime during the 10th century. Given the term el (kingdom) following the tribal name in the Old Uighur document and the titles attributed to the Tatars in the Chinese historical record, the Toquz Tatar were considered to be a “kingdom" in a bureaucratic sense. In the Chinese historical record, the Tatars of the 10th century, who are recorded as having the title guowang 国王 (king), are not, as some Chinese scholars claim, the Hexi Tatar 河西達靼(Tatars of Hexi), but rather the Toquz Tatar of the Mongolian plateau. Furthermore, the Tartar kingdom which during the 10th century paid tribute to the Song Dynasty in the name of its guowang, tianwang niangzi 天王娘子 (wife of the divine king) and zaixiang 宰相 (grand councilor) mean not as the Tatars of Hexi, but as rather the Toquz Tatar, who would during the 11th century gradually be subjected under the rule of Khitan. Therefore, given the existence of tributary relations with Song China and the peace process conducted with Khitan, the Toquz Tatar should be thought as having developed into a full-fledged kingdom by the 10th century.

収録刊行物

  • 東洋学報

    東洋学報 93 (1), 116-90(01～027), 2011-06

    東洋文庫

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