The state of Tambralinga (Danmaling), located around Nakhon Sithammarat in the central Malay peninsula, grew enormously during the 13th century. It is first mentioned in the Daoyizazhi (1270s) as having broughttribute to the Southern Song in 1196. During the reign of Candrabanu (Chaiya inscription of 1230) it advanced into Sri Lanka (1247-62), placing the northern part of the island under its rule, and also fought with the king of Pandya in southern India. According to the Dadenanhaizhi (1304), Danmaling was one of the leading powers of Southeast Asiaalong with Zhancheng (Champa), Zhenla (Khmer) and Shepo (Java), and theentire Malay peninsula fell within itssphere of influence. But Tambralinga's growth did not continue for long, and as Malayu, backed by Java, advanced from the south and the newly emerging state of Xian (or maritime Siam) advanced from the north, it fell intooblivion in the course of theensuing conflict. By the second half of the 14th century, Java (Majapahit) too had recognized Nakhon Sithammarat as belonging to Siam. In accounts of Southeast Asianhistory, Java, Cambodia, Burmaand the Straits of Malacca (especially Srivijaya in the 7th to 8th centuries and Melaka in the 15th century) often play the leading roles, whereas the central Malay peninsula occupies only a secondary position. But in the 13th century Tambralinga was one of the leading players, and its military advance into Sri Lanka was a rareexample of an advance across the sea to anotherregion by a Southeast Asian power. What brought aboutthis enormous growth experienced by Tambralinga? M. Jacq-Hergoualc'h, inhis recent opus on the ancient and medieval history of the Malay peninsula (2002: 391-441), attributes itto the commercial boom of the 12th and 13th centuries. It is necessary to examine this commercial boom in greater detail, for judging from the discoveries of trade ceramics it was a phenomenonnot confined to the central Malay peninsula, but also to be observed widely throughout insular Southeast Asia. This raises the question of why this commercial boom should have benefited the central Malay peninsula in particular. Behind the rise of Tambralinga, beside theexpanding influence of China, was an increase in Southeast Asia's own economic importance, accompanied by growing ties with Sri Lankaby way of Theravada Buddhism and the Pali language. Another factor may have been changes in the role of the Straits of Malacca. Whereas their former function as a centre of trade and maritime traffic had allowed the old piracy-based Sanfoqi to thrive, as described in the Lingwaidaida and Zhufanzhi, since the decline of Sanfoqi the Straits had become no more than a maritime passageway, opening the way for the rise of a different kind of state on the peninsula.

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