A literature review on school refusal and maladjustment

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  • 不登校傾向に関する研究の動向と課題
  • フトウコウ ケイコウ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ ノ ドウコウ ト カダイ

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We reviewed the literature on school refusal and school maladjustment to identify significant findings and problems relevant to studies for developing a support system for children and adolescents at school. The literature published in Japan during the years from 1983 to 2009 was searched in the Igakuchuozasshi database (Ichushi Web). It was found that the number of such articles has been constantly increasing in recent years, and the studies have been performed in various fields. The literature indicates the necessity of 1) developing a support process for prevention of school refusal/maladjustment, 2) developing a practical cooperative support model based on investigation of its conditions inside and outside schools, 3) using standardized research methods (employing clearly defined terms, appropriate statistical methods, and scales with reliability and validity) to yield generalizable results, and 4) conducting studies based on high school students for preventing their school maladjustment/refusal that often develops into a prolonged 'hikikomori' (complete social withdrawal) in adulthood. Regarding the mechanism of school maladjustment/refusal, several related factors have been identified but no attempt has been made to examine their causal relationship to school maladjustment/refusal. These findings suggest the necessity of longitudinal surveys and empirical studies for developing an effective, practical method for prevention of school maladjustment/refusal.

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