日本語の「謝罪」をめぐるフェイスワーク:言語行動の対照研究から

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  • ニホンゴ ノ 「 シャザイ 」 オ メグル フェイスワーク : ゲンゴ コウドウ ノ タイショウ ケンキュウ カラ
  • Facework in Japanese “Apologies":Contrastive Analysis of Speech Acts

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This paper discusses the face-management pattern in Japanese communication by focusing on several types of apologies. Previous studies in contrastive pragmatics have reported that speech acts, such as requests, invitations, refusals and complaints, conducted in Japanese are characterized by the use of negative politeness and that positive politeness is not so frequently used as in other languages. Politeness, however, deals only with the speaker's minimizing a threat to or enhancing the hearer's face wants. The mode of facemanagement in verbal interactions should be elucidated from a more comprehensive perspective which incorporates both the speaker's and the hearer's faces as well as both minimizing and increasing threats to faces. In this paper, by adopting a larger framework of facework, I re-analyze the data of previous contrastive studies on“real" apologies, an apology used in a request as a kind of negotiation strategy, and“pseudo-apologies"exchanged by participants as lubricant in a troubled situation. Based on the present analysis, I propose that the face-management in Japanese communication conforms to the pattern of reciprocal face-support which directs a speaker to attend only to the hearer's face and not to his/her own face. The pattern of reciprocal face-support is considered to exert a fair amount of control on the Japanese exchange patterns, especially on the response part. I also propose that the reciprocal management of positive face wants plays an important role in Japanese communication.

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