高度経済成長期における都市祭礼の衰退と復活

本稿は，高度成長期における都市祭礼の変化を，地域社会との関係に注目しながら比較し，変化の特徴を明らかにするものである。具体的には，青森ねぶた祭（青森県青森市），野田七夕まつり（千葉県野田市），となみ夜高まつり（富山県砺波市）を例とする。青森ねぶた祭では，1960年代に地域ねぶたが減少するが，1970年代には公共団体や全国企業が加わって台数が増加し，観光化が進んだ。そして各地への遠征や文化財指定へとつながった。野田七夕まつりなどの都市部の七夕まつりは，1951〜1955年に各地の商店街に普及するが，1965〜1970年頃に中止が目立った。野田でも1972年にパレードを導入し，市民祭に近づけることで存続を図った。となみ夜高まつりなど富山県の｢喧嘩祭｣は，1960年頃に警察やPTAなどから批判されて中断し，60年代後半に復活した。このように，高度成長期前期には，どの祭礼にも衰退や中断，重要な変更がみられた。一方，後期には，祭礼が復興し発展したことが明らかになった。変化の要因として，前期の衰退には，経済効率第一の風潮のほか，新生活運動も関与していた可能性がある。後期の復興には，石油ショック以後の安定成長期の「文化の時代」に，祭礼が文化として扱われ，文化財指定を受ける「文化化」，祭礼が観光資源になる「観光化」，行政などが予算を立案し，業務として運営する「組織化」，さらに事故のない祭礼を目指す「健全化」などの特徴が見られる。

This paper clarifies the features of the transformation of city festivals by comparing how they were transformed during the rapid economic growth period and how the changes were related to local communities. This study analyzes the following three festivals: Aomori Nebuta Festival (Aomori City, Aomori Prefecture); Noda Tanabata Festival (Noda City, Chiba Prefecture); and Tonami Yotaka Festival (Tonami City, Toyama Prefecture). Aomori Nebuta Festival witnessed a decline in the number of Nebuta floats from local communities in the 1960s. It was, however, re-established as a popular tourist attraction in the 1970s, with a rebound increase in float numbers supported by the growing participation of public entities and private companies around Japan. The festival became so popular to be held in other cities around the country and designated as a cultural asset. Noda Tanabata Festival is one of the star festivals held in urban areas to pay tribute to the Legend of Tanabata. This type of festival was embraced by shopping districts around Japan between 1951 and 1955. Many were, however, discontinued in the late 1960s. Noda Tanabata Festival also needed to be refreshed to continue on. It was therefore transformed into an event similar to a community fair by introducing a parade in 1972. Tonami Yotaka Festival, like other fight festivals in Toyama Prefecture, was once abolished around 1960 due to criticism from the police, parent-teacher associations, and other organizations and revived in the late 1960s.Thus, the festivals experienced significant changes in the first half of the rapid economic growth period. Some went into a decline, and some even discontinued. On the other hand, the festivals were revived and redeveloped in the second half of that period. The degeneration in the first half was attributed to the New Lifestyle Movement as well as the trend of the times to put the economy first. The revival in the second half was supported by the following factors emerging in the Age of Culture, when Japan was enjoying stable growth after the oil shocks: (i) “enculturation” to recognize festivals as important culture and designate them as cultural assets; (ii) “touristization” to use festivals as tourism resources; (iii) “organization” to let local authorities operate festivals and bear the cost; and (iv) “safety improvement” to make festivals accident-free.

source:https://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/outline/publication/ronbun/ronbun9/index.html#no207