Changes in Chinese Immigrant Society and the Rise of Chinese Mestizos in the Latter Hallf of the 18th Century Philippines: With Special Reference to the Expulsion of Chinese Collaborators with the British

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Other Title
  • 18世紀中葉フィリピンにおける中国人移民社会の変容と中国系メスティーソの興隆：対英協力中国人の追放をめぐって
  • 18セイキ チュウヨウ フィリピン ニ オケル チュウゴクジン イミン シャカ

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Abstract

This paper is an attempt to clarify how the Chinese expulsions implemented in the latter half of the 18th century Spanish Philippines related to the rise of the Chinese mestizos in the following years. First, the author summarizes the effect of the expulsion carried out by Governor Arandia in 1755. Second, the expulsion put into force by Governors Raón and Anda from 1767 to 78 was closely examined. And third, the author analyzes the total effect of the previous two expulsions in terms of the immigration policy under Governor Basco.Governor Arandia set the pace for the rise of the Chinese mestizos by expelling the non-Catholic Chinese immigrants from the colony. The Chinese immigrant society had then transformed from one of the transient and non-Catholicized to that of the settled and Catholicized. It became to assume a new role as the matrix of the Chinese mestizos.The tenor of the real cédula of 17 April 1766 was to expel the Chinese Catholics who had collaborated with the British. Their expulsion was meant to be as punishment for their apostasy or disloyalty. When Governor Anda implemented the cédula, he was more interested in establishing a self-supporting colonial economy than expelling the Chinese collaborators per se. In order to achieve his economic goal, Governor Anda deemed it necessary to banish the Chinese regardless of their loyalty. By doing so, he expected that the domestic sectors, such as, the Spaniards, the mestizos, and the indios, could actively participate in the colony’s commercial network. In his view, it had long been controlled by the Chinese.The immigration ban on the Chinese was in force until 1778 when Basco assumed his governorship. The governor encouraged the Chinese Catholics with skills in agriculture, mining and blacksmiths, etc. to settle in the colony, on one hand. He forbade the Chinese immigrants to engage themselves in retail trade, particularly, in the provinces, on the other. As a result, the Chinese merchants had concentrated in the Manila area and acted as wholesalers. Taking this opportunity, the Chinese mestizos started to establish themselves as local wholesalers and retailers. This was the beginning of their commercial rise.

Journal

  • The Toyo Gakuho

    The Toyo Gakuho 76 (3・4), 283-313, 1995-03

    東洋文庫

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