昌平校における歴史教育の研究

昌平校の学科目の中で歴史を専攻にした学科と,他の教科で歴史書を用いているものまで漁り,使用した教科書も推測も加えて記したが,全体を通観するとつぎのことがいえると思う。(イ)教科の主座は終始経学科であって,歴史科は脇役であった。この原因は,近世儒者は経学専攻で経学の原理の実証的反省の資料として歴史をみておった。(ロ)儒者出身でもよいが歴史を専攻する学者が昌平校には在任しなかった。(ハ)儒者は中国崇拝者が多いので,勢い中国の歴史書の左伝・国語・史記・漢書・通鑑綱目を基本として終始変えなかったが,日本の史書は誠に微々たるものであった。(ニ)歴史の解釈は朱子の綱目史観を墨守した。とくに松平定信が朱子学を正学として昌平校に持ちこんでから一層この史観一辺倒にならざるを得なかった。(ホ)昌平校が幕府立であるために学問統制も甘受しなければならず,時流に応じた改正も行ないえなかった。安政期に申訳け的に時代遅れの本朝史科をおいたので明らかである。注,歴史科その他の教科で使用された中国と日本の史書について,書物の傾向を紹介すべきであったがこの小稿では割愛をした。昌平校の歴史教授法はつぎの諸点が特色である。(イ)歴史科の教授方式は,主として講釈がよいが,外に会読・独看の方法も有効であること。(ロ)歴史教授は,訓話的でなく大意を読みとり,朱子流の鑑戒の書として理解すること。(ハ)朱子の歴史観の眼目は通鑑網目にあるので,これを精読することが大切であること。(ニ)基本的な歴史書を読む外に,多くの史書を博く読むことによって,文章力の訓練に役立つこと。(ホ)史論会によって史眼を養成すること。

Shohei-ko was the school conducted by the Government of Edo with the object of training young men, chiefly sons of the warriors who were placed under the direct control of the Shogun. This institute lasted for 240 years (1630-1870), rendering high services to solidifying the foundation of the Governmet by turning out a great number of graduates and, especially, cultivting warriors of medium standing who were taken into the service of the shogun. This thesis aims at seeing into how history-one of the compulsory courses-was given at this school, which, the author considers, is a sister to his another thesis entitled 'A Study History Teaching At Hanko, Clan-Managed Schools', published in the Educatinal Science Journal of Yokohama National University, No.2 (1962). And both theses, he thinks, will go hand in hand to make an interesting comparison of different types of teaching history at Hanko. Below is given the outlins of this thesis:- Chapter I: Ups and Downs of Shohei-ko This chapter dwells upon the ups and downs of the School. At first Shohei-ko was a private school-the school run by the Hayashi Family far 167 years from 1630 to 1797, which, however, came to be operated entirely under direct management of the Government for 73 years (1797-1870). Chapter II: Vicissitudes of History Section At Shohei-ko And Its Textbooks On Histary In view of all the stages that the curriculum of study at Shohei-ko passed through, this chapter gives the details of whatever vicissitudes the teaching of history underwent there. In passing, the above-mentiond stages are as follows:- 1. The age of 5 courser, starting in 1666. 2. The age of 3 courses, starting in 1792. 3. The age of 4 courses, starting in 1806. 4. The age of 4 courses, starting in 1857. So far as the history-textbooks used there are concerned, books on Chinese history, mostly imported from China, were mainly studied or read among the students there, but, towards the end of the Government, books on Japanese history came into use as their textbooks. Chapter III: Teaching Methods With regard to the methods of teaching history Shoei-ko applied, there were some, the best of which, however, was a discussion method, for the students to attend the discussion were obliged to make full preparations for it beforehand by means of selfteaching. The result was that they had much improved in their studies. And it is no small wonder that such was the method applied no less than 250 years ago. Chapter IV: History Examination And Its Fvalution (1) The students had an examination in what they had learned from their textbooks. Concretely speaking, they had two ways of examination, which were: a) To put punctuation marks and return marks for the Chinese sentence and add declentional kana to it, that we Japanese might read and understand it with ease. b) To give their viewpoints of historical facts. (2) Evaluation: The examiner marked a student's paper, made a total of the points the student got in answering each question of history, and lastly showed the points he got, as average, in answer to each question. And each of the students who passed the examination wae honoured with a prize.