ゾン(Dzong)考 : ブータンにおける城塞の立地・形態・機能

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  • ゾン Dzong コウ ブータン ニ オケル ジョウサイ ノ リッチ ケイタイ
  • Historical Geography of Bhutanese Fortresses (Dzong) : Their Architectural Form, Location and Functions

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"Dzongs" were constructed by migrant Lamas from Tibet in the 12th century, they soon became archaic and incommodious for the temporal and religious requirements. In Tibet "Dzong" means just only fortress, however, in Bhutan they contain both regional "Druckpa" (a branch of Mahayana Buddhism sect) monastic communities and the administrative offices of district("Dzongkhak") . Origin of present "Dzongs" dates back the 17th century of Ngawang Namgyel (1594-1651) , religious leader of "Drukpa". He is the first person who unified Bhutan, established "Dzong" system. What is interesting is "Dzongs" even now function as secular and ecclesiastical purposes. During night times, "Dzong" becomes a sacred place, and only priests and monks are allowded to enter. Again, central government office cum National Assembly in Thimphu is also called "Dzong" (Tashichho "Dzong"). The author has endeavored to examine the geographical location of presents 22 "Dzongs" including in ruins, architectural form and style by using English literature, reports of early travelers and the author' s observation in 1995 with special reference to historical geography. Most of "Dzongs" are gigantic in structure, and rise in high in a pastoral landscape of inner Himalayan basin. They are big landmarks for invaders from Tibet or enemies, travelers and laymen. Almost "Dzong" are located in 1500 to 2400m in high, specially more densely distributed in western and central Bhutan. Its zone overlaps main residential and most productive area for "Ngalong" people. Typical form of "Dzong" is oblong, or sometimes almost rectangular made of mixture wood, stone and clay without any nail. This traditional architectural style originates in Tibet but the technical way and materials used are Bhutan proper. In this paper the author would like to emphasize that the reason why medieval nature of "Dzong" has been preserved till now is mainly the lack of urban elements in whole Bhutan. Under such conditions a "Dzong" has been fanctioning as a "micro-cosmos" for inflential, monastic or secular people.

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