Anatomy of polydactylous limb of cattle

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Other Title
  • 牛の多趾症肢の解剖学的所見
  • ウシ ノ タ シショウ シ ノ カイボウガクテキ ショケン

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Abstract

Left hindlimb of 4-day-old Japanese blak calf which had congenital malformations such as polydactyly and tibial hemimelia was dissected to be description. The details were reported as follow. 1) The outstanding radiologic feature was congenital agenesis of the tibia and patella. The tarsal and metatarsal bones were intimately fused with one another. The confused metatarsus was attached on the laterodistal end by a small metatarsal bone. These metatarsuses were articulated by four porximal phalanges. 2) The sartorius was absent from the left hindlimb. Muscles that normally inserted on and originated at the tibia were dysplasia and contracted. On the dorasal aspect of the tarsus, metatarsus and digit the extensor digitorum longus was provided with a long tendon which divided into four branches. These tendons inserted on the distal phalanges of the third to fifth digits, and middle phalanx of the fourth digit. The extensor digit IV inserted on the dorsal side of the middle phalanx of the fifth digit. The extensor digitorum brevis was relatively large muscle which arised from the dorsoproximal surface of the metatarsus and the tendons were finally united with the long digital extensor tendon. On the volar side of the metatarsus the flexor digitorum superficialis descended with the flexor digitorum profundus and inserted on the middle phalanges of digits III, IV and V. This muscle had digastric shape that two bellies united by an intermediate tendon. The flexor digitorum profundus inserted to the volar surfaces of the distal phalanges of digits I, III, IV and V. 3) The popliteal artery divided into the cranial and caudal tibial arteries. At the proximal third of the metatarsus the carnial artery which desended along the dorsal surface divided into two arteries supplying the dorsal surfaces of digits II, III and IV. Arising from the femoral artery the saphenous artery coursed from inside of the adductor and appeard on the plantar surface of the metatarsus. It divided into lateral and medial plantar arteries at the proximal third of the metatarsus, the former furnished the dewclaw and lateral side of the fifth digit and the latter furnished the digits I, III and IV and medial side of digit V. 4) Arising from the ischiatic nerve, the common peroneal nerve divided into superficial and deep branches. The superficial fibular nerve supplied dorsal surfaces of each digits. After branching to the extensor digiti brevis, the deep fibular nerve anastomosed with the terminal branch of the superficial fibular nerve. The tibial nerve was one of the two terminal branches of the ischiatic nerves, it gave off musclar branches to the flexor muscles while coursing under the triceps surae, and appeared on the volar surface to divide into the lateral and medial plantar nerves. These nerves coursed plantar surface of the metatarsus toward the digits, the lateral plantar nerve innervated the dewclaw and the fifth figit, the medial plantar nerve supply the digits I, II, III and IV.

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