Alfred Schutz on Race, Language, and Subjectivity: A Viennese Jewish Sociologist’s Lifeworld and Phenomenological Sociology within Transition from Multinational Empire to Nation-State

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This paper clarifies the sociohistorical background against which Alfred Schutz, the pioneer of phenomenological sociology, chose to pursue a subjectivist sociology and targeted the issue of typification, by considering his linguistic view as a guiding thread. In the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire, German-speaking persons were administratively considered Germans, and, ultimately, nationality was founded on one’s subjective sense of identification. “Enlightened” Jews then also became “Germans having faith in Judaism” by acquiring the German language, the ticket into Western civilization. However, the objective-scientific-seeming racial ideology in post-1918 Austria a priori excluded Jews from full membership in the new German nation-state, based on a homogenized racial type. Schutz, a Viennese Jew born in 1899, proposed his subjectivist sociology under this “blood”-based typification of “They” by “We.” Like many Viennese Jews, he believed that minority individuals should be able to choose their group affiliation according to their own identification, and considered language to be a medium for their assimilation into the civic lifeworld; the concept of lifeworld (Lebenswelt) could thus work as a counter-idea against the Nazis’ blood community of Lebensraum, which disallows “another race” from assimilation.

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  • 人文科学論叢

    人文科学論叢 4 103-158, 2023-03-31

    熊本大学大学院人文社会科学研究部(文学系)

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