The surface composition of asteroid 162173 Ryugu from Hayabusa2 near-infrared spectroscopy

<jats:title>Hayabusa2 at the asteroid Ryugu</jats:title> <jats:p> Asteroids fall to Earth in the form of meteorites, but these provide little information about their origins. The Japanese mission Hayabusa2 is designed to collect samples directly from the surface of an asteroid and return them to Earth for laboratory analysis. Three papers in this issue describe the Hayabusa2 team's study of the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu, at which the spacecraft arrived in June 2018 (see the Perspective by Wurm). Watanabe <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> measured the asteroid's mass, shape, and density, showing that it is a “rubble pile” of loose rocks, formed into a spinning-top shape during a prior period of rapid spin. They also identified suitable landing sites for sample collection. Kitazato <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> used near-infrared spectroscopy to find ubiquitous hydrated minerals on the surface and compared Ryugu with known types of carbonaceous meteorite. Sugita <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> describe Ryugu's geological features and surface colors and combined results from all three papers to constrain the asteroid's formation process. Ryugu probably formed by reaccumulation of rubble ejected by impact from a larger asteroid. These results provide necessary context to understand the samples collected by Hayabusa2, which are expected to arrive on Earth in December 2020. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6437" page="268" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="364" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aav8032">268</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6437" page="272" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="364" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aav7432">272</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article issue="6437" page="252" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="364">252</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6437" page="230" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="364" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aax3089">230</jats:related-article> </jats:p>