Virtual endocast of <i>Ignacius graybullianus</i> (Paromomyidae, Primates) and brain evolution in early primates

<jats:p> Extant primates are distinctive among mammals in having relatively large brains. As stem primates, Paleogene plesiadapiforms provide direct information relevant to the earliest stages in the evolution of this characteristic. Here we describe a virtual endocast reconstructed from ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography data for the paromomyid plesiadapiform <jats:italic>Ignacius graybullianus</jats:italic> (USNM 421608) from the early Eocene of Wyoming. This represents the most complete endocast known for a stem primate, allowing for an unprecedented study of both size and fine details of anatomy. Relative to fossil and extant euprimates, <jats:italic>I. graybullianus</jats:italic> had large olfactory lobes, but less caudal development of the cerebrum and a poorly demarcated temporal lobe, suggesting more emphasis on olfaction and a less well developed visual system. Although its brain was small compared to those of extant primates, the encephalization quotient of <jats:italic>I. graybullianus</jats:italic> is higher than that calculated for Paleocene <jats:italic>Plesiadapis cookei</jats:italic> and overlaps the lower portion of the range documented for fossil euprimates. Comparison to the basal gliroid <jats:italic>Rhombomylus</jats:italic> suggests that early primates exhibited some expansion of the cerebrum compared to their ancestors. The relatively small brain size of <jats:italic>I. graybullianus</jats:italic> , an arboreal frugivore, implies that neither arboreality nor frugivory was primarily responsible for the expanded brains of modern primates. However, the contrasts in features related to the visual system between <jats:italic>I. graybullianus</jats:italic> and fossil and extant euprimates suggest that improvements to these portions of the brain contributed to increases in brain size within Euprimates. </jats:p>