The pleiotropic roles of leptin in metabolism, immunity, and cancer

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  • Paola de Candia
    Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, Milan, Italy 1
  • Francesco Prattichizzo
    Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, Milan, Italy 1
  • Silvia Garavelli
    Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy 2
  • Carlo Alviggi
    Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Naples, Italy 3
  • Antonio La Cava
    Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 4
  • Giuseppe Matarese
    Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy 2

Description

<jats:p>The discovery of the archetypal adipocytokine leptin and how it regulates energy homeostasis have represented breakthroughs in our understanding of the endocrine function of the adipose tissue and the biological determinants of human obesity. Investigations on leptin have also been instrumental in identifying physio-pathological connections between metabolic regulation and multiple immunological functions. For example, the description of the promoting activities of leptin on inflammation and cell proliferation have recognized the detrimental effects of leptin in connecting dysmetabolic conditions with cancer and with onset and/or progression of autoimmune disease. Here we review the multiple biological functions and complex framework of operations of leptin, discussing why and how the pleiotropic activities of this adipocytokine still pose major hurdles in the development of effective leptin-based therapeutic opportunities for different clinical conditions.</jats:p>

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