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Development of high microwave-absorptive bifunctional graphene oxide-based catalyst for biodiesel production
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Description
Abstract A novel heterogeneous bi-functional catalyst namely silicon carbide/sodium hydroxide-graphene oxide (SiC/NaOH-GO) was successfully developed and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy disperse X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon dioxide temperature programmed-desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD) and ammonia temperature programmed-desorption (NH3-TPD). The catalyst was applied in microwave-assisted transesterification and esterification of binary model feedstock (rapeseed oil and oleic acid) containing 20% free fatty acid (FFA) and optimized using respond surface methodology (RSM) based on centre composite design. The study revealed that the optimum reaction conditions were 13:1 wt ratio of SiC/NaOH to GO, 5 wt% of catalyst loading, reaction temperature of 65 °C and 6 min reaction time to attain 96% of yield of transesterification and 92% of yield of esterification. Then, the optimized catalyst (13:1 wt ratio of SiC/NaOH) was applied in Chlorella vulgaris lipid with high free fatty acid content (26%) to further confirmed the ability of converting triglycerides and free fatty acid (FFA) to biodiesel simultaneously. The study revealed that 92% of FFA of microalgae lipid was converted and 81% of fatty acid methyl ester content (FAME) was attained under the optimum conditions of methanol to lipid molar ratio of 48, 5 min reaction time, 4 wt% catalyst and reaction temperature of 85 °C.
Journal
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- Energy Conversion and Management
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Energy Conversion and Management 180 1013-1025, 2019-01
Elsevier BV
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Details 詳細情報について
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- CRID
- 1360285707102519552
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- ISSN
- 01968904
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- Article Type
- journal article
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- Data Source
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- Crossref
- KAKEN
- OpenAIRE