The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness

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  • Betsey Stevenson
    Business and Public Policy Department, The Wharton School, Suite 1400 Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
  • Justin Wolfers
    Business and Public Policy Department, The Wharton School, Suite 1400 Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.

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<jats:p>The lives of women in the United States have improved over the past 35 years by many objective measures, yet we show that measures of subjective well-being indicate that women's happiness has declined both absolutely and relative to men. This decline in relative well-being is found across various datasets, measures of subjective well-being, demographic groups, and industrialized countries. Relative declines in female happiness have eroded a gender gap in happiness in which women in the 1970s reported higher subjective well-being than did men. These declines have continued and a new gender gap is emerging—one with higher subjective well-being for men. (JEL I31, J16, J28)</jats:p>

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