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- Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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- Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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- Daniel Sabatier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Architecture, Fonctionnement et Évolution des plantes, Montpellier, France.
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- Christopher Baraloto
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, French Guiana.
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- Rafael P. Salomão
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi–Cordenadoria de Botânica, Belém, Brazil.
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- Juan Ernesto Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.
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- Oliver L. Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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- Carolina V. Castilho
- Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil.
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- William E. Magnusson
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Jean-François Molino
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Architecture, Fonctionnement et Évolution des plantes, Montpellier, France.
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- Abel Monteagudo
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru.
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- Percy Núñez Vargas
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
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- Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Ted R. Feldpausch
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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- Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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- Tim J. Killeen
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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- Bonifacio Mostacedo
- Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
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- Rodolfo Vasquez
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru.
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- Rafael L. Assis
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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- Florian Wittmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry, Mainz, Germany.
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- Ana Andrade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
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- Susan G. W. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
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- Beatriz S. Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.
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- Ben-Hur Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.
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- Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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- Iêda Leão Amaral
- Projeto TEAM (Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring)–Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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- Hernán Castellanos
- Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.
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- Dairon Cárdenas López
- SINCHI (Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas) Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Calle 20 No. 5, 44 Bogotá, Colombia.
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- Joost F. Duivenvoorden
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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- Hugo F. Mogollón
- Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Road, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA.
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- Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Nállarett Dávila
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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- Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK.
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- Pablo Roberto Stevenson Diaz
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DF, Colombia.
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- Flávia Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Thaise Emilio
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Carolina Levis
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Juliana Schietti
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Priscila Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Alfonso Alonso
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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- Francisco Dallmeier
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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- Alvaro Javier Duque Montoya
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, sede Medellín, Colombia.
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- Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
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- Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
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- Rogerio Gribel
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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- Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.
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- Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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- Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
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- Gerardo A. Aymard C.
- UNELLEZ (Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezekiel Zamora)–Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), estado Portugesa, 3350 Venezuela.
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- Tim R. Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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- Carlos Cerón
- Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177, Quito, Ecuador.
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- Julien Engel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, French Guiana.
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- Terry W. Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.
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- Paul Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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- Pascal Petronelli
- La Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Ecofog, Kourou, French Guiana.
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- Juliana Stropp
- Land Resource and Management Unit, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749,TP 440, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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- Charles Eugene Zartman
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Doug Daly
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, NY 10458–5126, USA.
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- David Neill
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador.
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- Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
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- Marcos Ríos Paredes
- Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Iquitos, Peru.
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- Jerome Chave
- CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5174 EDB, 31000 Toulouse, France.
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- Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Peter Møller Jørgensen
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299, USA.
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- Alfredo Fuentes
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299, USA.
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- Jochen Schöngart
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry, Mainz, Germany.
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- Fernando Cornejo Valverde
- Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru.
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- Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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- Eliana M. Jimenez
- Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.
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- Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora
- Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.
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- Juan Fernando Phillips
- Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, Colombia.
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- Gonzalo Rivas
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and Quantitative Spatial Ecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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- Tinde R. van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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- Patricio von Hildebrand
- Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24-76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, Colombia.
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- Bruce Hoffman
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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- Eglée L. Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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- Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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- Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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- Ademir R. Ruschell
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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- Natalino Silva
- UFRA (Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia), Belém, PA, Brazil.
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- Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Bolivia.
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- Stanford Zent
- Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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- Alexandre A. Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento Ecologia, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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- Angela Cano Schutz
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DF, Colombia.
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- Therany Gonzales
- Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research Foundation, Jirón Cusco No. 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.
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- Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goyatacazes, RJ 28013-620, Brazil.
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- Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- INDEFOR (Research Institute for Forestry Development), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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- Rodrigo Sierra
- Geoinformática y Sistemas, Cia. Ltda. (GeoIS), Quito, Ecuador.
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- Milton Tirado
- Geoinformática y Sistemas, Cia. Ltda. (GeoIS), Quito, Ecuador.
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- María Natalia Umaña Medina
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DF, Colombia.
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- Geertje van der Heijden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.
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- César I. A. Vela
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Jr. San Martín 451, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.
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- Emilio Vilanova Torre
- INDEFOR (Research Institute for Forestry Development), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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- Corine Vriesendorp
- The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.
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- Ophelia Wang
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
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- Kenneth R. Young
- Geography and the Environment, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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- Claudia Baider
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento Ecologia, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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- Henrik Balslev
- University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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- Cid Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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- Italo Mesones
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.
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- Armando Torres-Lezama
- Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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- Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, sede Medellín, Colombia.
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- Roderick Zagt
- Tropenbos International, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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- Miguel N. Alexiades
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK.
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- Lionel Hernandez
- Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.
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- Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco
- Herbario CUZ, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
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- William Milliken
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.
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- Walter Palacios Cuenca
- Universidad Técnica del Norte/Herbario Nacional del Euador, Quito, Ecuador.
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- Daniela Pauletto
- Serviço Florestal Brasileiro, Santarém, PA, Brazil.
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- Elvis Valderrama Sandoval
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–Saint Louis, R 102 Research, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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- Luis Valenzuela Gamarra
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru.
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- Kyle G. Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, 201 Crew Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK.
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- Ken Feeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami FL 33199, USA.
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- Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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- Miles R. Silman
- Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA.
説明
<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Recent decades have seen a major international effort to inventory tree communities in the Amazon Basin and Guiana Shield (Amazonia), but the vast extent and record diversity of these forests have hampered an understanding of basinwide patterns. To overcome this obstacle, we compiled and standardized species-level data on more than half a million trees in 1170 plots sampling all major lowland forest types to explore patterns of commonness, rarity, and richness.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>The ~6-million-km<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>Amazonian lowlands were divided into 1° cells, and mean tree density was estimated for each cell by using a loess regression model that included no environmental data but had its basis exclusively in the geographic location of tree plots. A similar model, allied with a bootstrapping exercise to quantify sampling error, was used to generate estimated Amazon-wide abundances of the 4962 valid species in the data set. We estimated the total number of tree species in the Amazon by fitting the mean rank-abundance data to Fisher’s log-series distribution.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Our analyses suggest that lowland Amazonia harbors 3.9 × 10<jats:sup>11</jats:sup>trees and ~16,000 tree species. We found 227 “hyperdominant” species (1.4% of the total) to be so common that together they account for half of all trees in Amazonia, whereas the rarest 11,000 species account for just 0.12% of trees. Most hyperdominants are habitat specialists that have large geographic ranges but are only dominant in one or two regions of the basin, and a median of 41% of trees in individual plots belong to hyperdominants. A disproportionate number of hyperdominants are palms, Myristicaceae, and Lecythidaceae.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>The finding that Amazonia is dominated by just 227 tree species implies that most biogeochemical cycling in the world’s largest tropical forest is performed by a tiny sliver of its diversity. The causes underlying hyperdominance in these species remain unknown. Both competitive superiority and widespread pre-1492 cultivation by humans are compelling hypotheses that deserve testing. Although the data suggest that spatial models can effectively forecast tree community composition and structure of unstudied sites in Amazonia, incorporating environmental data may yield substantial improvements. An appreciation of how thoroughly common species dominate the basin has the potential to simplify research in Amazonian biogeochemistry, ecology, and vegetation mapping. Such advances are urgently needed in light of the >10,000 rare, poorly known, and potentially threatened tree species in the Amazon.</jats:p></jats:sec>
収録刊行物
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- Science
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Science 342 (6156), 1243092-, 2013-10-18
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)