Depression and Risk of Stroke

<jats:sec> <jats:title>Background and Purpose—</jats:title> <jats:p>A history of depression may be associated with an increased risk of stroke. We aimed to determine the association between depression and risk of stroke by performing a meta-analysis of prospective studies.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods—</jats:title> <jats:p>Relevant studies were identified by a PubMed database search through May 2011 without restrictions and by reviewing reference lists of obtained articles. Community-based or population-based prospective studies that reported relative risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals for the association between depression and stroke were selected. Studies that enrolled participants with preexisting stroke at baseline were excluded. A random-effects model was used to compute the pooled risk estimate.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results—</jats:title> <jats:p>Random-effects meta-analysis of 17 prospective studies involving 206 641 participants and 6086 cases demonstrated a significant positive association between depression and subsequent risk of stroke (pooled relative risk, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.54) after adjustment for potential confounding factors. The associations were similar between men and women. Potential publication bias may exist, but correction for this bias using a formal statistical method did not materially alter the combined risk estimate.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions—</jats:title> <jats:p>Depression significantly increased the risk of development of stroke, and this increase was probably independent of other risk factors, including hypertension and diabetes.</jats:p> </jats:sec>