Waveguide sub‐wavelength structures: a review of principles and applications

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  • Robert Halir
    Universidad de Málaga Dept. de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones ETSI Telecomunicación Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga España
  • Przemek J. Bock
    CMC Microsystems Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
  • Pavel Cheben
    National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
  • Alejandro Ortega‐Moñux
    Universidad de Málaga Dept. de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones ETSI Telecomunicación Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga España
  • Carlos Alonso‐Ramos
    Universidad de Málaga Dept. de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones ETSI Telecomunicación Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga España
  • Jens H. Schmid
    National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
  • Jean Lapointe
    National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
  • Dan‐Xia Xu
    National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada
  • J. Gonzalo Wangüemert‐Pérez
    Universidad de Málaga Dept. de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones ETSI Telecomunicación Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga España
  • Íñigo Molina‐Fernández
    Universidad de Málaga Dept. de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones ETSI Telecomunicación Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga España
  • Siegfried Janz
    National Research Council of Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 0R6 Canada

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Periodic structures with a sub‐wavelength pitch have been known since Hertz conducted his first experiments on the polarization of electromagnetic waves. While the use of these structures in waveguide optics was proposed in the 1990s, it has been with the more recent developments of silicon photonics and high‐precision lithography techniques that sub‐wavelength structures have found widespread application in the field of photonics. This review first provides an introduction to the physics of sub‐wavelength structures. An overview of the applications of sub‐wavelength structures is then given including: anti‐reflective coatings, polarization rotators, high‐efficiency fiber–chip couplers, spectrometers, high‐reflectivity mirrors, athermal waveguides, multimode interference couplers, and dispersion engineered, ultra‐broadband waveguide couplers among others. Particular attention is paid to providing insight into the design strategies for these devices. The concluding remarks provide an outlook on the future development of sub‐wavelength structures and their impact in photonics. <jats:boxed-text content-type="graphic" position="anchor"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" mimetype="image/png" position="anchor" specific-use="enlarged-web-image" xlink:href="graphic/lpor201400083-gra-0001-m.png"><jats:alt-text>image</jats:alt-text></jats:graphic></jats:boxed-text></jats:p>

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