Development of Emotional and Behavioral Regulation in Children Born Extremely Preterm and Very Preterm: Biological and Social Influences

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<jats:p>This study describes the development of emotional and behavioral regulation in a regional cohort of children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks gestational age, <jats:italic>n </jats:italic>= 39), very preterm (<34 weeks gestational age, <jats:italic>n </jats:italic>= 56), and full term (<jats:italic>n </jats:italic>= 103). At 2 and 4 years, children born at younger gestational ages demonstrated poorer self‐regulation across multiple contexts spanning observed interactions, formal cognitive testing, and parental report of child behavior at home. Among children born preterm, the 2 strongest predictors of impairments in self‐regulation were the presence of moderate‐to‐severe cerebral white matter abnormalities on neonatal magnetic resonance and a less sensitive parenting style when children were aged 2 years. Findings support the importance of early neurological development and parenting for developing regulation in children born very preterm.</jats:p>

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