Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020
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- V A Acciari
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- S Ansoldi
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- L A Antonelli
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- A Arbet Engels
- ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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- M Artero
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- K Asano
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- D Baack
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- A Babić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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- A Baquero
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- U Barres de Almeida
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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- J A Barrio
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- I Batković
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- J Becerra González
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- W Bednarek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
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- L Bellizzi
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- E Bernardini
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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- M Bernardos
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- A Berti
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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- J Besenrieder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- W Bhattacharyya
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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- C Bigongiari
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- A Biland
- ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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- O Blanch
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- G Bonnoli
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- Ž Bošnjak
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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- G Busetto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- R Carosi
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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- G Ceribella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- M Cerruti
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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- Y Chai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- A Chilingarian
- Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, 0036 Yerevan, Armenia
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- S Cikota
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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- S M Colak
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- E Colombo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- J L Contreras
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- J Cortina
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- S Covino
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- G D’Amico
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- V D’Elia
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- P Da Vela
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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- F Dazzi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- A De Angelis
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- B De Lotto
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- M Delfino
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- J Delgado
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- C Delgado Mendez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- D Depaoli
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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- F Di Pierro
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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- L Di Venere
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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- E Do Souto Espiñeira
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- D Dominis Prester
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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- A Donini
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- D Dorner
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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- M Doro
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- D Elsaesser
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- V Fallah Ramazani
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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- A Fattorini
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- G Ferrara
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- M V Fonseca
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- L Font
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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- C Fruck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- S Fukami
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- R J García López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- M Garczarczyk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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- S Gasparyan
- Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
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- M Gaug
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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- N Giglietto
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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- F Giordano
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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- P Gliwny
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
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- N Godinović
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
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- J G Green
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- D Green
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- D Hadasch
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- A Hahn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- L Heckmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- J Herrera
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- J Hoang
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- D Hrupec
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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- M Hütten
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- T Inada
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- S Inoue
- Japanese MAGIC Group: RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
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- K Ishio
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- Y Iwamura
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- I Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- J Jormanainen
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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- L Jouvin
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- Y Kajiwara
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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- M Karjalainen
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- D Kerszberg
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- Y Kobayashi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- H Kubo
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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- J Kushida
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
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- A Lamastra
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- D Lelas
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
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- F Leone
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- E Lindfors
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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- S Lombardi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- F Longo
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- R López-Coto
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- M López-Moya
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- A López-Oramas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- S Loporchio
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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- B Machado de Oliveira Fraga
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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- C Maggio
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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- P Majumdar
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India
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- M Makariev
- Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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- M Mallamaci
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- G Maneva
- Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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- M Manganaro
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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- K Mannheim
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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- L Maraschi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- M Mariotti
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- M Martínez
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- D Mazin
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- S Menchiari
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- S Mender
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- S Mićanović
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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- D Miceli
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- T Miener
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- M Minev
- Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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- J M Miranda
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- R Mirzoyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- E Molina
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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- A Moralejo
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- D Morcuende
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- V Moreno
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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- E Moretti
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- V Neustroev
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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- C Nigro
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- K Nilsson
- Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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- K Nishijima
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
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- K Noda
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- S Nozaki
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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- Y Ohtani
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- T Oka
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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- J Otero-Santos
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- S Paiano
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- M Palatiello
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- D Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- R Paoletti
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- J M Paredes
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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- L Pavletić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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- P Peñil
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- C Perennes
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- M Persic
- Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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- P G Prada Moroni
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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- E Prandini
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- C Priyadarshi
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- I Puljak
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
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- W Rhode
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- M Ribó
- Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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- J Rico
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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- C Righi
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- A Rugliancich
- Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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- L Saha
- IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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- N Sahakyan
- Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
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- T Saito
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- S Sakurai
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- K Satalecka
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
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- F G Saturni
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- B Schleicher
- Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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- K Schmidt
- Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- T Schweizer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- J Sitarek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
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- I Šnidarić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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- D Sobczynska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
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- A Spolon
- Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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- A Stamerra
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- D Strom
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- M Strzys
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- Y Suda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- T Surić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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- M Takahashi
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- F Tavecchio
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- P Temnikov
- Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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- T Terzić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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- M Teshima
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- L Tosti
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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- S Truzzi
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- A Tutone
- National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
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- S Ubach
- Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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- J van Scherpenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- G Vanzo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- M Vazquez Acosta
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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- S Ventura
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- V Verguilov
- Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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- C F Vigorito
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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- V Vitale
- INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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- I Vovk
- Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
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- M Will
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
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- C Wunderlich
- Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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- D Zarić
- Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
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- F de Palma
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica ‘E. De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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- F D’Ammando
- INAF-IRA Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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- A Barnacka
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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- D K Sahu
- Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034, India
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- M Hodges
- Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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- T Hovatta
- Finnish Center for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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- S Kiehlmann
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece
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- W Max-Moerbeck
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, 7550000, Chile
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- A C S Readhead
- Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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- R Reeves
- CePIA, Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Conceptión, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
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- T J Pearson
- Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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- A Lähteenmäki
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
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- I Björklund
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
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- M Tornikoski
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
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- J Tammi
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
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- S Suutarinen
- Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
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- K Hada
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
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- K Niinuma
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
抄録
<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title> <jats:p>We report multiwavelength observations of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 in 2016–2020. Optical, X-ray, and GeV flares were detected. The contemporaneous MAGIC observations do not show significant very high energy (VHE; ≳100 GeV) gamma-ray emission. The lack of enhancement in radio emission measured by The Owens Valley Radio Observatory indicates the multizone nature of the emission from this object. We constrain the VHE duty cycle of the source to be <16 2014-like flares per year (95 per cent confidence). For the first time for this source, a broad-band low-state spectral energy distribution is constructed with a deep exposure up to the VHE range. A flux upper limit on the low-state VHE gamma-ray emission of an order of magnitude below that of the 2014 flare is determined. The X-ray data are used to fit the column density of (8.10 ± 0.93stat) × 1021 cm−2 of the dust in the lensing galaxy. VLBI observations show a clear radio core and jet components in both lensed images, yet no significant movement of the components is seen. The radio measurements are used to model the source-lens-observer geometry and determine the magnifications and time delays for both components. The quiescent emission is modelled with the high-energy bump explained as a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton and external Compton emission from a region located outside of the broad-line region. The bulk of the low-energy emission is explained as originating from a tens-of-parsecs scale jet.</jats:p>
収録刊行物
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- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 510 (2), 2344-2362, 2021-11-29
Oxford University Press (OUP)
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詳細情報 詳細情報について
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- CRID
- 1360294643748892800
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- ISSN
- 13652966
- 00358711
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- データソース種別
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- Crossref
- KAKEN