Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020

  • V A Acciari
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • S Ansoldi
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • L A Antonelli
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • A Arbet Engels
    ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
  • M Artero
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • K Asano
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • D Baack
    Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
  • A Babić
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • A Baquero
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • U Barres de Almeida
    Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
  • J A Barrio
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • I Batković
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • J Becerra González
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • W Bednarek
    University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
  • L Bellizzi
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • E Bernardini
    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
  • M Bernardos
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • A Berti
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
  • J Besenrieder
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • W Bhattacharyya
    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
  • C Bigongiari
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • A Biland
    ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
  • O Blanch
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • G Bonnoli
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • Ž Bošnjak
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • G Busetto
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • R Carosi
    Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
  • G Ceribella
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • M Cerruti
    Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • Y Chai
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • A Chilingarian
    Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, 0036 Yerevan, Armenia
  • S Cikota
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • S M Colak
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • E Colombo
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • J L Contreras
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • J Cortina
    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • S Covino
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • G D’Amico
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • V D’Elia
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • P Da Vela
    Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
  • F Dazzi
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • A De Angelis
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • B De Lotto
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • M Delfino
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • J Delgado
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • C Delgado Mendez
    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • D Depaoli
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
  • F Di Pierro
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
  • L Di Venere
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
  • E Do Souto Espiñeira
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • D Dominis Prester
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • A Donini
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • D Dorner
    Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
  • M Doro
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • D Elsaesser
    Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
  • V Fallah Ramazani
    Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
  • A Fattorini
    Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
  • G Ferrara
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • M V Fonseca
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • L Font
    Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
  • C Fruck
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • S Fukami
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • R J García López
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • M Garczarczyk
    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
  • S Gasparyan
    Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
  • M Gaug
    Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
  • N Giglietto
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
  • F Giordano
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
  • P Gliwny
    University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
  • N Godinović
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
  • J G Green
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • D Green
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • D Hadasch
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • A Hahn
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • L Heckmann
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • J Herrera
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • J Hoang
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • D Hrupec
    Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
  • M Hütten
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • T Inada
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • S Inoue
    Japanese MAGIC Group: RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
  • K Ishio
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • Y Iwamura
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • I Jiménez
    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • J Jormanainen
    Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
  • L Jouvin
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • Y Kajiwara
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
  • M Karjalainen
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • D Kerszberg
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • Y Kobayashi
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • H Kubo
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
  • J Kushida
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
  • A Lamastra
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • D Lelas
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
  • F Leone
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • E Lindfors
    Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
  • S Lombardi
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • F Longo
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • R López-Coto
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • M López-Moya
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • A López-Oramas
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • S Loporchio
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
  • B Machado de Oliveira Fraga
    Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
  • C Maggio
    Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
  • P Majumdar
    Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India
  • M Makariev
    Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • M Mallamaci
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • G Maneva
    Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • M Manganaro
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • K Mannheim
    Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
  • L Maraschi
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • M Mariotti
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • M Martínez
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • D Mazin
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • S Menchiari
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • S Mender
    Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
  • S Mićanović
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • D Miceli
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • T Miener
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • M Minev
    Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • J M Miranda
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • R Mirzoyan
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • E Molina
    Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • A Moralejo
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • D Morcuende
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • V Moreno
    Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
  • E Moretti
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • V Neustroev
    Finnish MAGIC Group: Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
  • C Nigro
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • K Nilsson
    Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
  • K Nishijima
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan
  • K Noda
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • S Nozaki
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
  • Y Ohtani
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • T Oka
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
  • J Otero-Santos
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • S Paiano
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • M Palatiello
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • D Paneque
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • R Paoletti
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • J M Paredes
    Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • L Pavletić
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • P Peñil
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • C Perennes
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • M Persic
    Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • P G Prada Moroni
    Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
  • E Prandini
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • C Priyadarshi
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • I Puljak
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
  • W Rhode
    Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
  • M Ribó
    Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • J Rico
    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • C Righi
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • A Rugliancich
    Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
  • L Saha
    IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
  • N Sahakyan
    Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
  • T Saito
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • S Sakurai
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • K Satalecka
    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
  • F G Saturni
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • B Schleicher
    Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
  • K Schmidt
    Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
  • T Schweizer
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • J Sitarek
    University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
  • I Šnidarić
    Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • D Sobczynska
    University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland
  • A Spolon
    Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • A Stamerra
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • D Strom
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • M Strzys
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • Y Suda
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • T Surić
    Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • M Takahashi
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • F Tavecchio
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • P Temnikov
    Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • T Terzić
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
  • M Teshima
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • L Tosti
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
  • S Truzzi
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • A Tutone
    National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy
  • S Ubach
    Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
  • J van Scherpenberg
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • G Vanzo
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • M Vazquez Acosta
    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  • S Ventura
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • V Verguilov
    Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
  • C F Vigorito
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
  • V Vitale
    INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
  • I Vovk
    Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan
  • M Will
    Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
  • C Wunderlich
    Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • D Zarić
    Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia
  • F de Palma
    Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica ‘E. De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
  • F D’Ammando
    INAF-IRA Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
  • A Barnacka
    Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
  • D K Sahu
    Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034, India
  • M Hodges
    Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  • T Hovatta
    Finnish Center for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
  • S Kiehlmann
    Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece
  • W Max-Moerbeck
    Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, 7550000, Chile
  • A C S Readhead
    Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  • R Reeves
    CePIA, Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Conceptión, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
  • T J Pearson
    Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
  • A Lähteenmäki
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • I Björklund
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • M Tornikoski
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • J Tammi
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • S Suutarinen
    Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
  • K Hada
    Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
  • K Niinuma
    Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan

抄録

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title> <jats:p>We report multiwavelength observations of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 in 2016–2020. Optical, X-ray, and GeV flares were detected. The contemporaneous MAGIC observations do not show significant very high energy (VHE; ≳100 GeV) gamma-ray emission. The lack of enhancement in radio emission measured by The Owens Valley Radio Observatory indicates the multizone nature of the emission from this object. We constrain the VHE duty cycle of the source to be &lt;16 2014-like flares per year (95 per cent confidence). For the first time for this source, a broad-band low-state spectral energy distribution is constructed with a deep exposure up to the VHE range. A flux upper limit on the low-state VHE gamma-ray emission of an order of magnitude below that of the 2014 flare is determined. The X-ray data are used to fit the column density of (8.10 ± 0.93stat) × 1021 cm−2 of the dust in the lensing galaxy. VLBI observations show a clear radio core and jet components in both lensed images, yet no significant movement of the components is seen. The radio measurements are used to model the source-lens-observer geometry and determine the magnifications and time delays for both components. The quiescent emission is modelled with the high-energy bump explained as a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton and external Compton emission from a region located outside of the broad-line region. The bulk of the low-energy emission is explained as originating from a tens-of-parsecs scale jet.</jats:p>

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