<i>NGAL</i> and <i>SMAD1 gene</i> expression in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy by liquid biopsy

<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a disease that progresses with the slow and progressive decline of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR); the installation of this pathology is silent and one of the major causes of death in patients with diabetes.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims</jats:title><jats:p>To identify new molecular biomarkers for early identification of the onset of DN in patients with type II diabetes <jats:italic>mellitus</jats:italic> (DM2). We studied the expression profile of the genes; <jats:italic>suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic type 1</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>SMAD1</jats:italic>), <jats:italic>neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>NGAL</jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>type IV collagen</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>COLIV1A</jats:italic>) in peripheral blood and urine sediment samples.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Ninety volunteers, 51 with DM2 and 39 healthy, were recruited from the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC outpatient clinic. We conducted an interview and collected anthropometric data, as well as blood and urine samples for biochemical evaluation and real-time PCR amplification of the genes of interest.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Gene expression data: peripheral blood <jats:italic>NGAL</jats:italic> (DM2 0.09758±0.1914 vs CTL 0.02293±0.04578), <jats:italic>SMAD1</jats:italic> (blood: DM2 0.01102±0.04059* vs CTL 0.0001317±0.0003609; urine: DM2 0.7195±2.344* vs CTL 0.09812±0.4755), there was no significant expression of COLIV1A. These genes demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in the receiving operating characteristic curve evaluation.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest the potential use of <jats:italic>NGAL</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SMAD1</jats:italic> gene expression in peripheral blood and urine samples as early biomarkers of DN.</jats:p></jats:sec>