Effects of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation on lower urinary tract, bowel, and sexual functions in individuals with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury: Protocol for a pilot clinical trial

<jats:sec id="sec001"> <jats:title>Introduction</jats:title> <jats:p>Electrical spinal cord neuromodulation has emerged as a leading intervention for restoring autonomic functions, such as blood pressure, lower urinary tract (LUT), bowel, and sexual functions, following spinal cord injury (SCI). While a few preliminary studies have shown the potential effect of non-invasive transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) on autonomic recovery following SCI, the optimal stimulation parameters, as well as real-time and long-term functional benefits of tSCS are understudied. This trial entitled “Non-invasive Neuromodulation to Treat Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction following Spinal Cord Injury” is a pilot trial to examine the feasibility, dosage effect and safety of tSCS on pelvic organ function for future large-scale randomized controlled trials.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec002"> <jats:title>Methods and analysis</jats:title> <jats:p>Forty eligible participants with chronic cervical or upper thoracic motor-complete SCI will undergo stimulation mapping and assessment batteries to determine the real-time effect of tSCS on autonomic functions. Thereafter, participants will be randomly assigned to either moderate or intensive tSCS groups to test the dosage effect of long-term stimulation on autonomic parameters. Participants in each group will receive 60 minutes of tSCS per session either twice (moderate) or five (intensive) times per week, over a period of six weeks.</jats:p> <jats:p>Outcome measures include: (a) changes in bladder capacity through urodynamic studies during real-time and after long-term tSCS, and (b) resting anorectal pressure determined via anorectal manometry during real-time tSCS. We also measure assessments of sexual function, neurological impairments, and health-related quality of life using validated questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec003"> <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination</jats:title> <jats:p>Ethical approval has been obtained (CREB H20-01163). All primary and secondary outcome data will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and disseminated among the broader scientific community and stakeholders.</jats:p> </jats:sec>