New insights in the coordinated amidase and glucosaminidase activity of the major autolysin (Atl) in Staphylococcus aureus

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>After bacterial cell division, the daughter cells are still covalently interlinked by the peptidoglycan network which is resolved by specific hydrolases (autolysins) to release the daughter cells. In staphylococci, the major autolysin (Atl) with its two domain enzymes, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase (AmiA) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcA), resolves the peptidoglycan to release the daughter cells. Internal deletions in each of the enzyme domains revealed defined morphological alterations such as cell cluster formation in Δ<jats:italic>amiA</jats:italic>, Δ<jats:italic>glcA</jats:italic> and Δ<jats:italic>atl</jats:italic>, and asymmetric cell division in the Δ<jats:italic>glcA</jats:italic>. A most important finding was that GlcA activity requires the prior removal of the stem peptide by AmiA for its activity thus the naked glycan strand is its substrate. Furthermore, GlcA is not an <jats:italic>endo</jats:italic>-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase but an <jats:italic>exo</jats:italic>-enzyme that cuts the glycan backbone to disaccharides independent of its <jats:italic>O</jats:italic>-acetylation modification. Our results shed new light into the sequential peptidoglycan hydrolysis by AmiA and GlcA during cell division in staphylococci.</jats:p>