When is it good to be shy? Experimental evaluation of predation of juvenile salmon by riparian wildlife

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Animal behaviors are often well adapted to their environments. Predation risk avoidance is one of them. However, the fitness effects of behavioral variation associated with predation risks are poorly understood for aquatic organisms. In this study, we evaluated the effects of traits (origin and body size) and behaviors (regular defensive and post-stimulus behaviors) of masu salmon [Oncorhynchus masou masou (Brevoort, 1856)] on their predation risk. We first conducted aquarium experiments examining the behaviors of fish, followed by an evaluation of their survival after release in a semi-natural stream. After 56 days of the stream test, 48.3% of the released fish were lost. On-site camera trapping identified an ambush predator, the grey heron (Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758), as the most frequently visiting predator. By individually matching the fish behaviors in the aquarium test with their survival in the stream, we found that the most critical determinant for the survival of fish in a semi-natural stream was their regular defensive behavior (i.e., hiding behavior when they were NOT exposed to a mimicked bird attack), rather than their post-stimulus behavior. Our results indicate that regular defensive behavior can be most beneficial to prey survival, at least when they are faced with ambush predators.

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  • Hydrobiologia

    Hydrobiologia 847 (3), 713-725, 2019-11-28

    Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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