The Combined Effect of Static Stretching and Foam Rolling With or Without Vibration on the Range of Motion, Muscle Performance, and Tissue Hardness of the Knee Extensor

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Nakamura, M, Konrad, A, Kasahara, K, Yoshida, R, Murakami, Y, Sato, S, Aizawa, K, Koizumi, R, and Wilke, J. The combined effect of static stretching and foam rolling with or without vibration on the range of motion, muscle performance, and tissue hardness of the knee extensor. <jats:italic toggle="yes">J Strength Cond Res</jats:italic> 37(2): 322–327, 2023—Although the combination of static stretching (SS) and foam rolling (FR) is frequently used for warm-up in sports, the effect of the intervention order is unclear. This study compared mechanical tissue properties, pain sensitivity, and motor function after SS and FR (with and without vibration) performed in different orders. Our randomized, controlled, crossover experiment included 15 healthy male subjects (22.5 ± 3.3 years) who visited the laboratory 5 times (inactive control condition, FR + SS, FR<jats:sub>vibration</jats:sub> + SS, SS + FR, and SS + FR<jats:sub>vibration</jats:sub>) with an interval of ≥48 hours. In each session, subjects completed three 60-second bouts of FR and SS, targeting the anterior thigh. Pressure pain threshold, tissue hardness, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), maximal voluntary isometric (MVC-ISO), and concentric (MVC-CON) torque, as well as countermovement jump height, were determined before and after the intervention. All interventions significantly (<jats:italic toggle="yes">p</jats:italic> < 0.01) increased knee flexion ROM (<jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = 0.78, <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = 0.87, <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = 1.39, and <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = 0.87, respectively) while decreasing tissue hardness (<jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = −1.25, <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = −1.09, <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = −1.18, and <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = −1.24, respectively). However, MVC-ISO torque was significantly reduced only after FR + SS (<jats:italic toggle="yes">p</jats:italic> = 0.05, <jats:italic toggle="yes">d</jats:italic> = −0.59). Our results suggest that SS should be followed by FR when aiming to increase ROM and reduce tissue hardness without concomitant stretch-induced force deficits (MVC-ISO, MVC-CON, and countermovement jump height). Additionally, adding vibration to FR does not seem to affect the magnitude of changes observed in the examined outcomes.</jats:p>