PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway: Basic biology and role in cancer immunotherapy

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  • Arash Salmaninejad
    Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
  • Saeed Farajzadeh Valilou
    Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) Tehran Iran
  • Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah
    Department of Immunology Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
  • Saeed Aslani
    Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
  • Malihe Alimardani
    Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
  • Alireza Pasdar
    Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
  • Amirhossein Sahebkar
    Biotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran

説明

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Over the course of past few years, cancer immunotherapy has been accompanied with promising results. However, preliminary investigations with respect to immunotherapy concentrated mostly on targeting the immune checkpoints, nowadays, emerge as the most efficient strategy to raise beneficial antitumor immune responses. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) plays an important role in subsiding immune responses and promoting self‐tolerance through suppressing the activity of T cells and promoting differentiation of regulatory T cells. PD‐1 is considered as an immune checkpoint and protects against autoimmune responses through both induction of apoptosis in antigen‐specific T cells and inhibiting apoptosis in regulatory T cells. Several clinical trials exerting PD‐1 monoclonal antibodies as well as other immune‐checkpoint blockades have had prosperous outcomes and opened new horizons in tumor immunotherapy. Nonetheless, a bulk of patients have failed to respond to these newly emerging immune‐based approach and the survival rate was not satisfying. Additional strategies, especially combination therapies, has been initiated and been further promising. Attempts to identify novel and well‐suited predictive biomarkers are also sensed. In this review, the promotion of cancer immunotherapy targeting PD‐1 immunoinhibitory pathway is discussed.</jats:p>

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