Electrical Double Layer Formation at Intercalation Cathode–Organic Electrolyte Interfaces During Initial Lithium‐Ion Battery Reactions

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  • Junpei Nakayama
    Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori Yokohama 226–8501 Japan
  • Huangkai Zhou
    Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori Yokohama 226–8501 Japan
  • Jun Izumi
    Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori Yokohama 226–8501 Japan
  • Kenta Watanabe
    Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori Yokohama 226–8501 Japan
  • Kota Suzuki
    Research Center for All‐Solid‐State Battery Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8501 Japan
  • Fumiya Nemoto
    Institute of Materials Structure Science High Energy Accelerator Research Organization 1‐1 Oho Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–0801 Japan
  • Norifumi L. Yamada
    Institute of Materials Structure Science High Energy Accelerator Research Organization 1‐1 Oho Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–0801 Japan
  • Ryoji Kanno
    Research Center for All‐Solid‐State Battery Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8501 Japan
  • Masaaki Hirayama
    Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori Yokohama 226–8501 Japan

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Information on the cathode/organic–electrolyte interface structure provides clues regarding the rate and reversibility of lithium intercalation reactions in lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, structural changes within the LiCoO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> electrode, throughout the interphase region, and in the LiPF<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>/propylene carbonate electrolyte are observed concurrently by in situ neutron reflectometry. The formation of an electrical double layer (EDL) during the early stages of charging and discharging is investigated and compared with that at an intercalation‐inactive Nb:SrTiO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> electrode. At the intercalation‐inactive interface between Nb:SrTiO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> and the electrolyte, a voltage‐dependent ionic distribution corresponding to the EDL forms on the electrolyte side without the formation of a cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer. In contrast, at the intercalation‐active LiCoO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/electrolyte interface, a CEI layer forms immediately after cell construction, and the ionic distribution in the electrolyte formed outside the CEI layer scarcely changes upon voltage application. The CEI/electrolyte interface is shielded from potential changes by the electronically insulating CEI; therefore, structural changes in the EDL are restricted. This supports the prevailing understanding that the CEI layer defines the rates of solvation/de‐solvation and adsorption/desorption reactions of lithium ions.</jats:p>

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