An estimate of the number of tropical tree species
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- J. W. Ferry Slik
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darusallam, Gadong, Brunei;
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- Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico;
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- Shin-Ichiro Aiba
- Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
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- Patricia Alvarez-Loayza
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
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- Luciana F. Alves
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
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- Peter Ashton
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA;
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- Patricia Balvanera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico;
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- Meredith L. Bastian
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC;
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- Peter J. Bellingham
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand;
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- Eduardo van den Berg
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil;
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- Luis Bernacci
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
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- Polyanna da Conceição Bispo
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;
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- Lilian Blanc
- Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronimique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), Belem, Brazil;
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- Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt (Main), Germany;
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- Pascal Boeckx
- Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;
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- Frans Bongers
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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- Brad Boyle
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;
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- Matt Bradford
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Land and Water, Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton, Australia;
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- Francis Q. Brearley
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom;
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- Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo;
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- Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand;
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- Darley Calderado Leal Matos
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil;
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- Miguel Castillo-Santiago
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chiapas, Mexico;
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- Eduardo L. M. Catharino
- Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
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- Shauna-Lee Chai
- Alberta Innovates–Technology Futures, Vegreville, AB, Canada;
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- Yukai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China;
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- Robert K. Colwell
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT;
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- Robin L. Chazdon
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT;
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- Connie Clark
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
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- David B. Clark
- University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO;
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- Deborah A. Clark
- University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO;
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- Heike Culmsee
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;
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- Kipiro Damas
- PNG Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea;
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- Handanakere S. Dattaraja
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
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- Gilles Dauby
- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;
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- Priya Davidar
- Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India;
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- Saara J. DeWalt
- Clemson University, Clemson, SC;
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- Jean-Louis Doucet
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium;
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- Alvaro Duque
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia;
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- Giselda Durigan
- Instituto Florestal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
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- Karl A. O. Eichhorn
- Eichhorn Ecology, Zeist, The Netherlands;
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- Pedro V. Eisenlohr
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Caceres, Brazil;
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- Eduardo Eler
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Corneille Ewango
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo;
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- Nina Farwig
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany;
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- Kenneth J. Feeley
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL;
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- Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil;
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- Richard Field
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
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- Ary T. de Oliveira Filho
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
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- Christine Fletcher
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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- Olle Forshed
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden;
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- Geraldo Franco
- Instituto Florestal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
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- Gabriella Fredriksson
- PanEco/Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program (SOCP), Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia;
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- Thomas Gillespie
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA;
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- Jean-François Gillet
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium;
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- Giriraj Amarnath
- International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka;
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- Daniel M. Griffith
- Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabi, Manta, Ecuador;
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- James Grogan
- Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA;
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- Nimal Gunatilleke
- University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka;
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- David Harris
- Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
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- Rhett Harrison
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China;
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- Andy Hector
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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- Jürgen Homeier
- University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;
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- Nobuo Imai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan;
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- Akira Itoh
- Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan;
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- Patrick A. Jansen
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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- Carlos A. Joly
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
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- Bernardus H. J. de Jong
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chiapas, Mexico;
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- Kuswata Kartawinata
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia;
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- Elizabeth Kearsley
- Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;
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- Daniel L. Kelly
- Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;
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- David Kenfack
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC;
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- Michael Kessler
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
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- Kanehiro Kitayama
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
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- Robert Kooyman
- Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia;
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- Eileen Larney
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar;
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- Yves Laumonier
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia;
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- Susan Laurance
- James Cook University, Cairns, Australia;
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- William F. Laurance
- James Cook University, Cairns, Australia;
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- Michael J. Lawes
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;
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- Ieda Leao do Amaral
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Susan G. Letcher
- Purchase College, State University of New York, Purchase, NY;
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- Jeremy Lindsell
- RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom;
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- Xinghui Lu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China;
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- Asyraf Mansor
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia;
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- Antti Marjokorpi
- Stora Enso Oyj, Helsinki, Finland;
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- Emanuel H. Martin
- Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Mang’ula, Tanzania;
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- Henrik Meilby
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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- Felipe P. L. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;
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- Daniel J. Metcalfe
- CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Australia;
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- Vincent P. Medjibe
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
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- Jean Paul Metzger
- Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
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- Jerome Millet
- National University of Laos, Vientiane, Laos;
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- D. Mohandass
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China;
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- Juan C. Montero
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
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- Márcio de Morisson Valeriano
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;
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- Badru Mugerwa
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Kampala, Uganda;
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- Hidetoshi Nagamasu
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
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- Reuben Nilus
- Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia;
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- Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Chiapas, Mexico;
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- Onrizal
- University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia;
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- Navendu Page
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
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- Pia Parolin
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany;
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- Marc Parren
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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- Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy
- Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India;
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- Ekananda Paudel
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China;
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- Andrea Permana
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
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- Maria T. F. Piedade
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
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- Lourens Poorter
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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- Axel D. Poulsen
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
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- John Poulsen
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC;
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- Jennifer Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN;
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- Rama C. Prasad
- International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India;
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- Jean-Philippe Puyravaud
- Sigur Nature Trust, Masinagudi, India;
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- Jean-Claude Razafimahaimodison
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Madagascar;
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- Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg, The Netherlands;
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- João Roberto dos Santos
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil;
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- Wilson Roberto Spironello
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Hugo Romero-Saltos
- Department of Biology, Yachay Tech University, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Urcuquí, Ecuador;
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- Francesco Rovero
- MUSE Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy;
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- Andes Hamuraby Rozak
- Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cianjur, Indonesia;
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- Kalle Ruokolainen
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland;
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- Ervan Rutishauser
- Carboforexpert, Geneva, Switzerland;
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- Felipe Saiter
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Santa Teresa, Brazil;
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- Philippe Saner
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
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- Braulio A. Santos
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil;
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- Fernanda Santos
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil;
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- Swapan K. Sarker
- Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh;
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- Manichanh Satdichanh
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China;
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- Christine B. Schmitt
- Chair for Landscape Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;
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- Jochen Schöngart
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Max Planck Project, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Mark Schulze
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR;
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- Marcio S. Suganuma
- Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
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- Douglas Sheil
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia;
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- Eduardo da Silva Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Plinio Sist
- CIRAD, Monpellier, France;
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- Tariq Stevart
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO;
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- Raman Sukumar
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
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- I.-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan;
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- Terry Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia;
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- H. S. Suresh
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India;
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- Eizi Suzuki
- Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
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- Marcelo Tabarelli
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;
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- Jangwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China;
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- Natália Targhetta
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Max Planck Project, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Ida Theilade
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
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- Duncan W. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Washington State University, Vancouver, ON, Canada;
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- Peguy Tchouto
- Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forets, Mbalmayo, Cameroon;
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- Johanna Hurtado
- Organization for Tropical Field Studies, La Selva, Costa Rica;
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- Renato Valencia
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador;
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- Johan L. C. H. van Valkenburg
- Nederlands Voedsel-en Warenautoriteit, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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- Tran Van Do
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
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- Rodolfo Vasquez
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO;
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- Hans Verbeeck
- Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;
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- Victor Adekunle
- Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria;
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- Simone A. Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;
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- Campbell O. Webb
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA;
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- Timothy Whitfeld
- Brown University, Providence, RI;
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- Serge A. Wich
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom;
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- John Williams
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico;
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- Florian Wittmann
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany;
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- Hannsjoerg Wöll
- Bad Aussee, Austria;
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- Xiaobo Yang
- Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China;
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- C. Yves Adou Yao
- Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan, Ivory Coast;
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- Sandra L. Yap
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; and
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- Tsuyoshi Yoneda
- Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan;
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- Rakan A. Zahawi
- Organization for Tropical Field Studies, La Selva, Costa Rica;
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- Rahmad Zakaria
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia;
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- Runguo Zang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China;
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- Rafael L. de Assis
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Bruno Garcia Luize
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil;
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- Eduardo M. Venticinque
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Abstract
<jats:title>Significance</jats:title> <jats:p>People are fascinated by the amazing diversity of tropical forests and will be surprised to learn that robust estimates of the number of tropical tree species are lacking. We show that there are at least 40,000, but possibly more than 53,000, tree species in the tropics, in contrast to only 124 across temperate Europe. Almost all tropical tree species are restricted to their respective continents, and the Indo-Pacific region appears to be as species-rich as tropical America, with each of these two regions being almost five times as rich in tree species as African tropical forests. Our study shows that most tree species are extremely rare, meaning that they may be under serious risk of extinction at current deforestation rates.</jats:p>
Journal
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- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (24), 7472-7477, 2015-06
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Details 詳細情報について
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- CRID
- 1360565167086915328
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- ISSN
- 10916490
- 00278424
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- Data Source
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- Crossref
- KAKEN