Heritability estimates of endurance‐related phenotypes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

<jats:p>The aim of this study was to clarify heritability estimates for endurance‐related phenotypes and the underlying factors affecting these estimates. A systematic literature search was conducted for studies reporting heritability estimates of endurance‐related phenotypes using the PubMed database (up to 30 September 2016). Studies that estimated the heritability of maximal oxygen uptake (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/sms12958-math-0001.png" xlink:title="urn:x-wiley:09057188:media:sms12958:sms12958-math-0001"/>), submaximal endurance phenotypes, and endurance performance were selected. The weighted mean heritability for endurance‐related phenotypes was calculated using a random‐effects model. A total of 15 studies were selected via a systematic review. Meta‐analysis revealed that the weighted means of the heritability of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/sms12958-math-0002.png" xlink:title="urn:x-wiley:09057188:media:sms12958:sms12958-math-0002"/> absolute values and those adjusted for body weight and for fat‐free mass were 0.68 (95% <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CI</jats:styled-content>: 0.59‐0.77), 0.56 (95% <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CI</jats:styled-content>: 0.47‐0.65), and 0.44 (95% <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CI</jats:styled-content>: 0.13‐0.75), respectively. There was a significant difference in the weighted means of the heritability of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/sms12958-math-0003.png" xlink:title="urn:x-wiley:09057188:media:sms12958:sms12958-math-0003"/> across these different adjustment methods (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> < .05). Moreover, there was evidence of statistical heterogeneity in the heritability estimates among studies. Meta‐regression analysis revealed that sex could partially explain the heterogeneity in the <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/sms12958-math-0004.png" xlink:title="urn:x-wiley:09057188:media:sms12958:sms12958-math-0004"/> heritability estimates adjusted by body weight. For submaximal endurance phenotypes and endurance performance, the weighted mean heritabilities were 0.49 (95% <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CI</jats:styled-content>: 0.33‐0.65) and 0.53 (95% <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CI</jats:styled-content>: 0.27‐0.78), respectively. There was statistically significant heterogeneity in the heritability estimates reported among the studies, and we could not identify the specific factors explaining the heterogeneity. Although existing studies indicate that genetic factors account for 44%‐68% of the variability in endurance‐related phenotypes, further studies are necessary to clarify these values.</jats:p>