The Global N2O Model Intercomparison Project

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O) is an important greenhouse gas and also an ozone-depleting substance that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. Large estimation uncertainty remains on the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O fluxes and the key drivers of N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O production in the terrestrial biosphere. Some terrestrial biosphere models have been evolved to account for nitrogen processes and to show the capability to simulate N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O emissions from land ecosystems at the global scale, but large discrepancies exist among their estimates primarily because of inconsistent input datasets, simulation protocol, and model structure and parameterization schemes. Based on the consistent model input data and simulation protocol, the global N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O Model Intercomparison Project (NMIP) was initialized with 10 state-of-the-art terrestrial biosphere models that include nitrogen (N) cycling. Specific objectives of NMIP are to 1) unravel the major N cycling processes controlling N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O fluxes in each model and identify the uncertainty sources from model structure, input data, and parameters; 2) quantify the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of global and regional N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O fluxes from the preindustrial period (1860) to present and attribute the relative contributions of multiple environmental factors to N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O dynamics; and 3) provide a benchmarking estimate of N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O fluxes through synthesizing the multimodel simulation results and existing estimates from ground-based observations, inventories, and statistical and empirical extrapolations. This study provides detailed descriptions for the NMIP protocol, input data, model structure, and key parameters, along with preliminary simulation results. The global and regional N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O estimation derived from the NMIP is a key component of the global N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O budget synthesis activity jointly led by the Global Carbon Project and the International Nitrogen Initiative.</jats:p>