<scp>N</scp>on‐<scp>D</scp>estructive <scp>D</scp>etermination of <scp>M</scp>uscle <scp>A</scp>rchitectural <scp>V</scp>ariables <scp>T</scp>hrough the <scp>U</scp>se of <scp>D</scp>ice<scp>CT</scp>

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>The fascicular architecture of skeletal muscle dictates functional parameters such as force production and contractile velocity. Muscle microarchitecture is typically determined by means of manual dissection, a technique that is inherently destructive to specimens. Furthermore, fascicle lengths and pennation angles are commonly assessed at only a limited number of sampling sites per muscle. We present the results of a digital technique to non‐destructively assess muscle architectural variables for three jaw‐adductor muscles within a specimen of the cercopithecine primate <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis (crab‐eating macaque)</jats:italic>. The specimen is first subjected to a contrast‐enhanced staining protocol to increase the density of internal soft tissues. High‐resolution µCT scans are then collected and segmented to isolate individual muscles. A textural orientation algorithm is then applied to each muscle volume to reconstruct constituent muscle fascicles in three dimensions. Using this technique, we report muscle volume, fascicle length, angle of pennation, and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) for each muscle. These data are compared to results collected using traditional dissection of the contralateral muscles. Reconstructions of muscle volume and pennation angle closely correspond to the dissection results. The degree of similarity between measurements of fascicle length and PCSA varies between muscles, with temporalis demonstrating the greatest disparity between techniques; likely reflecting the complex geometry and fascicular arrangement of this muscle. The described technique samples a much larger number of fascicles than had previously been possible and non‐destructively investigates the internal architecture of preserved specimens. We conclude that this approach demonstrates great potential for quantifying muscle internal architecture. Anat Rec, 301:363–377, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</jats:p>