Freeze Casting: From Low‐Dimensional Building Blocks to Aligned Porous Structures—A Review of Novel Materials, Methods, and Applications

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  • Gaofeng Shao
    School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing 210044 China
  • Dorian A. H. Hanaor
    Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 Berlin 10623 Germany
  • Xiaodong Shen
    College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
  • Aleksander Gurlo
    Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 Berlin 10623 Germany

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Freeze casting, also known as ice templating, is a particularly versatile technique that has been applied extensively for the fabrication of well‐controlled biomimetic porous materials based on ceramics, metals, polymers, biomacromolecules, and carbon nanomaterials, endowing them with novel properties and broadening their applicability. The principles of different directional freeze‐casting processes are described and the relationships between processing and structure are examined. Recent progress in freeze‐casting assisted assembly of low dimensional building blocks, including graphene and carbon nanotubes, into tailored micro‐ and macrostructures is then summarized. Emerging trends relating to novel materials as building blocks and novel freeze‐cast geometries—beads, fibers, films, complex macrostructures, and nacre‐mimetic composites—are presented. Thereafter, the means by which aligned porous structures and nacre mimetic materials obtainable through recently developed freeze‐casting techniques and low‐dimensional building blocks can facilitate material functionality across multiple fields of application, including energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, thermal management, and smart materials, are discussed.</jats:p>

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