Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of Teletisoptera (Blattaria: Isoptera)

  • Menglin Wang
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
  • Simon Hellemans
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
  • Jan Šobotník
    Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Czech Republic
  • Jigyasa Arora
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
  • Aleš Buček
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
  • David Sillam‐Dussès
    Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, LEEC, UR 4443 University Sorbonne Paris Nord Villetaneuse France
  • Crystal Clitheroe
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
  • Tomer Lu
    Total Hadbara Gedera Israel
  • Nathan Lo
    School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
  • Michael S. Engel
    Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
  • Yves Roisin
    Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
  • Theodore A. Evans
    School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
  • Thomas Bourguignon
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Termites are social cockroaches distributed throughout warm temperate and tropical ecosystems. The ancestor of modern termites roamed the earth during the early Cretaceous, suggesting that both vicariance and overseas dispersal may have shaped the distribution of early diverging termites. We investigate the historical biogeography of three early diverging termite families –Stolotermitidae, Hodotermitidae and Archotermopsidae (clade Teletisoptera) – using the nuclear rRNA genes and mitochondrial genomes of 27 samples. Our analyses confirm the monophyly of Teletisoptera, with Stolotermitidae diverging from Hodotermitidae + Archotermopsidae approximately 100 Ma. Although Hodotermitidae are monophyletic, our results demonstrate the paraphyly of Archotermopsidae. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the timing of divergence among the main lineages of Hodotermitidae + Archotermopsidae are compatible with vicariance. In the Stolotermitidae, however, the common ancestors of modern <jats:italic>Porotermes</jats:italic> Hagen and <jats:italic>Stolotermes</jats:italic> Hagen are roughly as old as 20 and 35 Ma, respectively, indicating that the presence of these genera in South America, Africa and Australia involved over‐water dispersals. Overall, our results suggest that early diverging termite lineages acquired their current distribution through a combination of over‐water dispersals and dispersal via land bridges. We clarify the classification by resolving the paraphyly of Archotermopsidae, restricting the family to <jats:italic>Archotermopsis</jats:italic> Desneux and <jats:italic>Zootermopsis</jats:italic> Emerson and elevating Hodotermopsinae (<jats:italic>Hodotermopsis</jats:italic> Holmgren) as Hodotermopsidae (<jats:italic>status novum</jats:italic>).</jats:p>

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