Molecular Phylogeny Reveals the Past Transoceanic Voyages of Drywood Termites (Isoptera, Kalotermitidae)

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  • Aleš Buček
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
  • Menglin Wang
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
  • Jan Šobotník
    Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
  • Simon Hellemans
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
  • David Sillam-Dussès
    Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
  • Nobuaki Mizumoto
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
  • Petr Stiblík
    Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
  • Crystal Clitheroe
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
  • Tomer Lu
    Total Hadbara , Gedera, Israel
  • Juan José González Plaza
    International Research Centre in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos , Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
  • Alma Mohagan
    Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University , Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines
  • Jean-Jacques Rafanomezantsoa
    Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza , Antananarivo, Madagascar
  • Brian Fisher
    Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza , Antananarivo, Madagascar
  • Michael S. Engel
    Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA
  • Yves Roisin
    Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Bruxelles, Belgium
  • Theodore A. Evans
    School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA 6009, Australia
  • Rudolf Scheffrahn
    Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences , 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314, USA
  • Thomas Bourguignon
    Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Termites are major decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems and the second most diverse lineage of social insects. The Kalotermitidae form the second-largest termite family and are distributed across tropical and subtropical ecosystems, where they typically live in small colonies confined to single wood items inhabited by individuals with no foraging abilities. How the Kalotermitidae have acquired their global distribution patterns remains unresolved. Similarly, it is unclear whether foraging is ancestral to Kalotermitidae or was secondarily acquired in a few species. These questions can be addressed in a phylogenetic framework. We inferred time-calibrated phylogenetic trees of Kalotermitidae using mitochondrial genomes of ∼120 species, about 27% of kalotermitid diversity, including representatives of 21 of the 23 kalotermitid genera. Our mitochondrial genome phylogenetic trees were corroborated by phylogenies inferred from nuclear ultraconserved elements derived from a subset of 28 species. We found that extant kalotermitids shared a common ancestor 84 Ma (75–93 Ma 95% highest posterior density), indicating that a few disjunctions among early-diverging kalotermitid lineages may predate Gondwana breakup. However, most of the ∼40 disjunctions among biogeographic realms were dated at &lt;50 Ma, indicating that transoceanic dispersals, and more recently human-mediated dispersals, have been the major drivers of the global distribution of Kalotermitidae. Our phylogeny also revealed that the capacity to forage is often found in early-diverging kalotermitid lineages, implying the ancestors of Kalotermitidae were able to forage among multiple wood pieces. Our phylogenetic estimates provide a platform for critical taxonomic revision and future comparative analyses of Kalotermitidae.</jats:p>

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