Identifying dominant environmental predictors of freshwater wetland methane fluxes across diurnal to seasonal time scales

  • Sara H. Knox
    Department of Geography The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
  • Sheel Bansal
    Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Jamestown ND USA
  • Gavin McNicol
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA
  • Karina Schafer
    Department of Earth and Environmental Science Rutgers University Newark New Brunswick NJ USA
  • Cove Sturtevant
    National Ecological Observatory Network Battelle Boulder CO USA
  • Masahito Ueyama
    Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
  • Alex C. Valach
    Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA USA
  • Dennis Baldocchi
    Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA USA
  • Kyle Delwiche
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA
  • Ankur R. Desai
    Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
  • Eugenie Euskirchen
    Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
  • Jinxun Liu
    Western Geographic Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Moffett Field CA USA
  • Annalea Lohila
    Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
  • Avni Malhotra
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA
  • Lulie Melling
    Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute Sarawak Malaysia
  • William Riley
    Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA
  • Benjamin R. K. Runkle
    Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA
  • Jessica Turner
    Freshwater and Marine Science University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
  • Rodrigo Vargas
    Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE USA
  • Qing Zhu
    Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA
  • Tuula Alto
    Climate System Research Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland
  • Etienne Fluet‐Chouinard
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA
  • Mathias Goeckede
    Department of Biogeochemical Signals Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
  • Joe R. Melton
    Climate Research Division Environment and Climate Change Canada Victoria BC Canada
  • Oliver Sonnentag
    Département de Géographie Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
  • Timo Vesala
    Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
  • Eric Ward
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Lafayette LA USA
  • Zhen Zhang
    Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland College Park MD USA
  • Sarah Feron
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA
  • Zutao Ouyang
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA
  • Pavel Alekseychik
    Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) Helsinki Finland
  • Mika Aurela
    Climate System Research Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland
  • Gil Bohrer
    Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
  • David I. Campbell
    School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
  • Jiquan Chen
    Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, & Center for Global Change and Earth Observations Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
  • Housen Chu
    Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley CA USA
  • Higo J. Dalmagro
    Universidade de Cuiaba Cuiaba Brazil
  • Jordan P. Goodrich
    School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
  • Pia Gottschalk
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany
  • Takashi Hirano
    Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
  • Hiroki Iwata
    Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Science Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan
  • Gerald Jurasinski
    University of Rostock Rostock Germany
  • Minseok Kang
    National Center for Agro Meteorology Seoul South Korea
  • Franziska Koebsch
    University of Rostock Rostock Germany
  • Ivan Mammarella
    Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
  • Mats B. Nilsson
    Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
  • Keisuke Ono
    Institute for Agro‐Environmental Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
  • Matthias Peichl
    Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
  • Olli Peltola
    Climate System Research Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland
  • Youngryel Ryu
    Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
  • Torsten Sachs
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany
  • Ayaka Sakabe
    Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
  • Jed P. Sparks
    Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell Ithaca NY USA
  • Eeva‐Stiina Tuittila
    School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joesnuu Finland
  • George L. Vourlitis
    California State University San Marcos San Marcos CA USA
  • Guan X. Wong
    Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute Sarawak Malaysia
  • Lisamarie Windham‐Myers
    U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park CA USA
  • Benjamin Poulter
    Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD USA
  • Robert B. Jackson
    Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford CA USA

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>While wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) to the atmosphere, they represent a large source of uncertainty in the global CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> budget due to the complex biogeochemical controls on CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> dynamics. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first multi‐site synthesis of how predictors of CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> fluxes (FCH4) in freshwater wetlands vary across wetland types at diel, multiday (synoptic), and seasonal time scales. We used several statistical approaches (correlation analysis, generalized additive modeling, mutual information, and random forests) in a wavelet‐based multi‐resolution framework to assess the importance of environmental predictors, nonlinearities and lags on FCH4 across 23 eddy covariance sites. Seasonally, soil and air temperature were dominant predictors of FCH4 at sites with smaller seasonal variation in water table depth (WTD). In contrast, WTD was the dominant predictor for wetlands with smaller variations in temperature (e.g., seasonal tropical/subtropical wetlands). Changes in seasonal FCH4 lagged fluctuations in WTD by ~17 ± 11 days, and lagged air and soil temperature by median values of 8 ± 16 and 5 ± 15 days, respectively. Temperature and WTD were also dominant predictors at the multiday scale. Atmospheric pressure (PA) was another important multiday scale predictor for peat‐dominated sites, with drops in PA coinciding with synchronous releases of CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>. At the diel scale, synchronous relationships with latent heat flux and vapor pressure deficit suggest that physical processes controlling evaporation and boundary layer mixing exert similar controls on CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> volatilization, and suggest the influence of pressurized ventilation in aerenchymatous vegetation. In addition, 1‐ to 4‐h lagged relationships with ecosystem photosynthesis indicate recent carbon substrates, such as root exudates, may also control FCH4. By addressing issues of scale, asynchrony, and nonlinearity, this work improves understanding of the predictors and timing of wetland FCH4 that can inform future studies and models, and help constrain wetland CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> emissions.</jats:p>

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