A framework infrageneric classification of <i>Carex</i> (Cyperaceae) and its organizing principles

  • Eric H. Roalson
    School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington, DC 99164‐4236 USA
  • Pedro Jiménez‐Mejías
    Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid c/Darwin 2 Madrid 28049 Spain
  • Andrew L. Hipp
    The Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Route 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
  • Carmen Benítez‐Benítez
    Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla 41013 Spain
  • Leo P. Bruederle
    Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver CO 80217‐3364 USA
  • Kyong‐Sook Chung
    Jungwon University Goesan Chungbuk South Korea
  • Marcial Escudero
    Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Área de Botánica, Facultad de Biología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla 41012 Spain
  • Bruce A. Ford
    Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2 Canada
  • Kerry Ford
    Allan Herbarium Manaaki‐Whenua Landcare Research PO Box 69040 Lincoln Canterbury 7640 New Zealand
  • Sebastian Gebauer
    Department of Systematic Botany Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Geobotany and Botanical Garden Halle (Saale) D‐06108 Germany
  • Berit Gehrke
    Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz D‐55122 Germany
  • Marlene Hahn
    The Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Route 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
  • Muhammad Qasim Hayat
    Plant Systematics and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta‐Ur‐Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
  • Mathias H. Hoffmann
    Department of Systematic Botany Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Geobotany and Botanical Garden Halle (Saale) D‐06108 Germany
  • Xiao‐Feng Jin
    College of Life and Environment Sciences Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
  • Sangtae Kim
    Department of Biology Sungshin Women's University Seoul 01133 South Korea
  • Isabel Larridon
    Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AE United Kingdom
  • Étienne Léveillé‐Bourret
    Département de Sciences Biologiques Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale de I'Université de Montréal 4101 Sherbrooke East Montréal Quebec H1X 2B2 Canada
  • Yi‐Fei Lu
    College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
  • Modesto Luceño
    Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla 41013 Spain
  • Enrique Maguilla
    Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Área de Botánica, Facultad de Biología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla 41012 Spain
  • Jose Ignacio Márquez‐Corro
    Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla 41013 Spain
  • Santiago Martín‐Bravo
    Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla 41013 Spain
  • Tomomi Masaki
    Department of Biosphere‐Geosphere Science, Faculty of Biosphere‐Geosphere Science Okayama University of Science Okayama 700‐0005 Japan
  • Mónica Míguez
    Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla 41013 Spain
  • Robert F. C. Naczi
    New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY 10458 USA
  • Anton A. Reznicek
    University of Michigan Herbarium Ann Arbor MI 48108 USA
  • Daniel Spalink
    Department of Ecosystem Science & Management Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
  • Julian R. Starr
    Department of Biology University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall Room 160, 30 Marie Curie Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
  • Uzma
    Plant Systematics and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta‐Ur‐Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
  • Tamara Villaverde
    Departamento de Biología y Geología Universidad de Almería Ctra. Sacramento s/n Almería 04120 Spain
  • Marcia J. Waterway
    Plant Science Department McGill University Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
  • Karen L. Wilson
    National Herbarium New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
  • Shu‐Ren Zhang
    Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Phylogenetic studies of <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> L. (Cyperaceae) have consistently demonstrated that most subgenera and sections are para‐ or polyphyletic. Yet, taxonomists continue to use subgenera and sections in <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> classification. Why? The Global <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> Group (GCG) here takes the position that the historical and continued use of subgenera and sections serves to (i) organize our understanding of lineages in <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic>, (ii) create an identification mechanism to break the ~2000 species of <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> into manageable groups and stimulate its study, and (iii) provide a framework to recognize morphologically diagnosable lineages within <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic>. Unfortunately, the current understanding of phylogenetic relationships in <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> is not yet sufficient for a global reclassification of the genus within a Linnean infrageneric (sectional) framework. Rather than leaving <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> classification in its current state, which is misleading and confusing, we here take the intermediate steps of implementing the recently revised subgeneric classification and using a combination of informally named clades and formally named sections to reflect the current state of our knowledge. This hybrid classification framework is presented in an order corresponding to a linear arrangement of the clades on a ladderized phylogeny, largely based on the recent phylogenies published by the GCG. It organizes <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> into six subgenera, which are, in turn, subdivided into 62 formally named Linnean sections plus 49 informal groups. This framework will serve as a roadmap for research on <jats:italic>Carex</jats:italic> phylogeny, enabling further development of a complete reclassification by presenting relevant morphological and geographical information on clades where possible and standardizing the use of formal sectional names.</jats:p>

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