Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immune Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy

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  • Feng Xie
    Institute of Biology and Medical Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
  • Xiaoxue Zhou
    MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
  • Meiyu Fang
    Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
  • Heyu Li
    MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
  • Peng Su
    MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
  • Yifei Tu
    MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
  • Long Zhang
    MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
  • Fangfang Zhou
    Institute of Biology and Medical Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China

Description

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by almost all cells. They contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids which are delivered from the parent cells to the recipient cells. Thereby, they function as mediators of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Recent evidences suggest that exosomes, a small subset of EVs, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes and play essential roles in remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment even before the occurrence and metastasis of cancer. Exosomes derived from tumor cells and host cells mediate their mutual regulation locally or remotely, thereby determining the responsiveness of cancer therapies. As such, tumor‐derived circulating exosomes are considered as noninvasive biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of tumor. Exosome‐based therapies are also emerging as cutting‐edge and promising strategies that could be applied to suppress tumor progression or enhance anti‐tumor immunity. Herein, the current understanding of exosomes and their key roles in modulating immune responses, as well as their potential therapeutic applications are outlined. The limitations of current studies are also presented and directions for future research are described.</jats:p>

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