Comparisons among ten models of acoustic backscattering used in aquatic ecosystem research

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  • J. Michael Jech
    Northeast Fisheries Science Center , 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
  • John K. Horne
    University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, , Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
  • Dezhang Chu
    Northwest Fisheries Science Center , 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA
  • David A. Demer
    Southwest Fisheries Science Center , 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
  • David T. I. Francis
    University of Birmingham School of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  • Natalia Gorska
    University of Gdansk Institute of Oceanography, , Aleja Marszlka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
  • Benjamin Jones
    Naval Postgraduate School Oceanography Department, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, , Monterey, California 93943, USA
  • Andone C. Lavery
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
  • Timothy K. Stanton
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
  • Gavin J. Macaulay
    National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research , Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
  • D. Benjamin Reeder
    Naval Postgraduate School , Monterey, California 93943, USA
  • Kouichi Sawada
    National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering , Fisheries Research Agency, 7620-7, Hasaki, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0408, Japan

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<jats:p>Analytical and numerical scattering models with accompanying digital representations are used increasingly to predict acoustic backscatter by fish and zooplankton in research and ecosystem monitoring applications. Ten such models were applied to targets with simple geometric shapes and parameterized (e.g., size and material properties) to represent biological organisms such as zooplankton and fish, and their predictions of acoustic backscatter were compared to those from exact or approximate analytical models, i.e., benchmarks. These comparisons were made for a sphere, spherical shell, prolate spheroid, and finite cylinder, each with homogeneous composition. For each shape, four target boundary conditions were considered: rigid-fixed, pressure-release, gas-filled, and weakly scattering. Target strength (dB re 1 m2) was calculated as a function of insonifying frequency (f = 12 to 400 kHz) and angle of incidence (θ = 0° to 90°). In general, the numerical models (i.e., boundary- and finite-element) matched the benchmarks over the full range of simulation parameters. While inherent errors associated with the approximate analytical models were illustrated, so were the advantages as they are computationally efficient and in certain cases, outperformed the numerical models under conditions where the numerical models did not converge.</jats:p>

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