Heart failure around the world

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  • Jasper Tromp
    National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore
  • João Pedro Ferreira
    Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques‐ Plurithématique 14‐33, and Inserm U1116, CHRU, F‐CRIN INI‐CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) Nancy France
  • Satit Janwanishstaporn
    Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
  • Monica Shah
    IQVIA Durham NC USA
  • Barry Greenberg
    Division of Cardiovascular Medicine UC San Diego Health System La Jolla NC USA
  • Faiez Zannad
    Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques‐ Plurithématique 14‐33, and Inserm U1116, CHRU, F‐CRIN INI‐CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) Nancy France
  • Carolyn S.P. Lam
    National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>With increasingly large sample sizes required to demonstrate event reduction, heart failure outcome trials are no longer being performed in a small group of selected patients and countries, but at a global scale with worldwide contribution of patients from countries with considerable differences in background therapy, socioeconomic status and healthcare practices. Recent studies have highlighted how socioeconomic determinants rather than geographical factors may underlie the heterogeneity of patient populations across the globe. Therefore, in this review, we evaluated (i) regional differences in patient characteristics and outcomes in recent epidemiologic studies; (ii) regional differences in worldwide representativeness of clinical trial populations; and (iii) the role of socioeconomic determinants in driving country differences in heart failure trial enrolment and clinical outcomes.</jats:p>

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