Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Following the reviews of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) reports changes of standard atomic weights. The symbol <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>r</jats:sub>°(E) was selected for standard atomic weight of an element to distinguish it from the atomic weight of an element E in a specific substance P, designated <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>r</jats:sub>(E, P). The CIAAW has changed the values of the standard atomic weights of five elements based on recent determinations of terrestrial isotopic abundances:</jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:table-wrap id="j_pac-2019-0603_tab_001" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"> <jats:table> <jats:colgroup> <jats:col align="left"/> <jats:col align="left"/> <jats:col align="left"/> <jats:col align="left"/> </jats:colgroup> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Ar (argon):</jats:td> <jats:td>from 39.948 ± 0.001</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>[39.792, 39.963]</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Hf (hafnium):</jats:td> <jats:td>from 178.49 ± 0.02</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>178.486 ± 0.006</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Ir (iridium):</jats:td> <jats:td>from 192.217 ± 0.003</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>192.217 ± 0.002</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Pb (lead):</jats:td> <jats:td>from 207.2 ± 0.1</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>[206.14, 207.94]</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Yb (ytterbium):</jats:td> <jats:td>from 173.054 ± 0.005</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>173.045 ± 0.010</jats:td> </jats:tr> </jats:tbody> </jats:table> </jats:table-wrap> </jats:p> <jats:p>The standard atomic weight of argon and lead have changed to an interval to reflect that the natural variation in isotopic composition exceeds the measurement uncertainty of <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>r</jats:sub>(Ar) and <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>r</jats:sub>(Pb) in a specific substance. The standard atomic weights and/or the uncertainties of fourteen elements have been changed based on the Atomic Mass Evaluations 2016 and 2020 accomplished under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). <jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>r</jats:sub>° of Ho, Tb, Tm and Y were changed in 2017 and again updated in 2021:</jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:table-wrap id="j_pac-2019-0603_tab_002" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"> <jats:table> <jats:colgroup> <jats:col align="left"/> <jats:col align="left"/> <jats:col align="left"/> <jats:col align="left"/> </jats:colgroup> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Al (aluminium), 2017:</jats:td> <jats:td>from 26.981 5385 ± 0.000 0007</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>26.981 5384 ± 0.000 0003</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>Au (gold), 2017:</jats:td> <jats:td>from 196.966 569 ± 0.000 005</jats:td> <jats:td>to</jats:td> <jats:td>196.966 570 ± 0.000 004</jats:td> </jats:tr> ...