Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Angela E Micah, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Ian E Cogswell, Dylan Lasher, Brendan Lidral-Porter, Emilie R Maddison, Trang Nhu Ngoc Nguyen, Nishali Patel, Paola Pedroza, Juan Solorio, Hayley Stutzman, Golsum Tsakalos, Yifeng Wang, Wesley Warriner, Yingxi Zhao, Bianca S Zlavog, Cristiana Abbafati, Jaffar Abbas, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, E S Abhilash, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Michael R M Abrigo, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Mohammed Hussien Adem, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Ali Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Budi Aji, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Yibeltal Akelew, Hanadi Al Hamad, Khurshid Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Azmeraw T Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Francis Appiah, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Olatunde Aremu, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Atif Amin Baig, Abere Tilahun Bantie, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Sanjay Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Bernhard T Baune, Zombor Berezvai, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Virginia Bodolica, João Silva Botelho Botelho, Dejana Braithwaite, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Reinhard Busse, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ferrán Catalá-López, Collins Chansa, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Abdollah Dargahi, Sisay Abebe Debela, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Belay Desye, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Nancy Diao, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Leila Doshmangir, John Dube, Ebrahim Eini, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohamad Ezati Asar, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Alberto Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Peter Andras Gaal, Amiran Gamkrelidze, M A Garcia-Gordillo, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Urge Gerema, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Reza Ghanbari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Davide Golinelli, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Girma Garedew Goyomsa, Avirup Guha, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Samer Hamidi, Harapan Harapan, Reza Hashempour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Salman Hussain, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mustapha Immurana, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Linda Merin J, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Digisie Mequanint Jemere, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Vidya Kadashetti, Rajendra Kadel, Dler Hussein Kadir, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rajesh Kamath, Himal Kandel, Rami S Kantar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Gbenga A Kayode, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Cumali Keskin, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Himanshu Khajuria, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Stefan Kohler, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Dian Kusuma, Judit Lám, Demetris Lamnisos, Anders O Larsson, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Lee-Ling Lim, László Lorenzovici, Rafael Lozano, Vanessa Sintra Machado Machado, Farzan Madadizadeh, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Ana Laura Manda, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Miquel Martorell, Ali Masoud, Elezebeth Mathews, Richard James Maude, Enkeleint A Mechili, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, José João João Mendes Mendes, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Mestrovic, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Moonis Mirza, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Awoke Misganaw, Marcello Moccia, Javad Moghadasi, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Marita Mohammadshahi, Shafiu Mohammed, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Elias Mossialos, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Shruti Murthy, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S Naidoo, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Nafise Noroozi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Chukwudi Abrahams Obi, Abiola Ogunkoya, In-Hwan Oh, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, John Nelson Opio, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Tamás Palicz, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Tarang Parekh, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Jay Patel, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Mihaela Paun, Shrikant Pawar, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Mohsen Poursadeqiyan, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Sergio I Prada, Sima Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Temam Beshir Raru, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ramin Ravangard, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Robert C Reiner, Andre M N Renzaho, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Mavra A Riaz, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Aly M A Saad, Basema Saddik, Saeid Sadeghian, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Maitreyi Sahu, Morteza Saki, Payman Salamati, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Yaser Sayadi, Falk Schwendicke, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Naomi Setshegetso, Allen Seylani, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mohd Shanawaz, Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse Sharew, Rajesh Sharma, Maryam Shayan, Aziz Sheikh, Suchitra M Shenoy, Adithi Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, K M Shivakumar, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Wudneh Simegn, Jasvinder A Singh, Kuldeep Singh, Natia Skhvitaridze, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Muhammad Suleman, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Belay Negash Tefera, Ales Tichopad, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Lorainne Tudor Car, Derara Girma Tufa, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Milena Vasic, Dominique Vervoort, Vasily Vlassov, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Yasir Waheed, Richard G Wamai, Cong Wang, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Sanni Yaya, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Leila Zaki, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Alireza Zangeneh, Ali Zare Dehnavi, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Wu Zeng, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Liesl J Zuhlke, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Joseph L Dieleman

doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00007-4

Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

DOI Web Site Web Site 10 References

Angela E Micah
Kayleigh Bhangdia
Ian E Cogswell
Dylan Lasher
Brendan Lidral-Porter
Emilie R Maddison
Trang Nhu Ngoc Nguyen
Nishali Patel
Paola Pedroza
Juan Solorio
Hayley Stutzman
Golsum Tsakalos
Yifeng Wang
Wesley Warriner
Yingxi Zhao
Bianca S Zlavog
Cristiana Abbafati
Jaffar Abbas
Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari
Michael Abdelmasseh
Deldar Morad Abdulah
Aidin Abedi
Kedir Hussein Abegaz
E S Abhilash
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Hassan Abolhassani
Michael R M Abrigo
Hiwa Abubaker Ali
Eman Abu-Gharbieh
Mohammed Hussien Adem
Muhammad Sohail Afzal
Ali Ahmadi
Haroon Ahmed
Tarik Ahmed Rashid
Budi Aji
Hossein Akbarialiabad
Yibeltal Akelew
Hanadi Al Hamad
Khurshid Alam
Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
Turki M Alanzi
Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
Robert Kaba Alhassan
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Sami Almustanyir
Rajaa M Al-Raddadi
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk
Azmeraw T Amare
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw
Mostafa Amini-Rarani
Hubert Amu
Robert Ancuceanu
Tudorel Andrei
Sumadi Lukman Anwar
Francis Appiah
Muhammad Aqeel
Jalal Arabloo
Morteza Arab-Zozani
Aleksandr Y Aravkin
Olatunde Aremu
Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
Leticia Avila-Burgos
Martin Amogre Ayanore
Samad Azari
Atif Amin Baig
Abere Tilahun Bantie
Amadou Barrow
Pritish Baskaran
Sanjay Basu
Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha
Bernhard T Baune
Zombor Berezvai
Nikha Bhardwaj
Pankaj Bhardwaj
Sonu Bhaskar
Micheal Kofi Boachie
Virginia Bodolica
João Silva Botelho Botelho
Dejana Braithwaite
Nicholas J K Breitborde
Reinhard Busse
Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado
Ferrán Catalá-López
Collins Chansa
Jaykaran Charan
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Simiao Chen
Isaac Sunday Chukwu
Omid Dadras
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Abdollah Dargahi
Sisay Abebe Debela
Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
Belay Desye
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
Nancy Diao
Linh Phuong Doan
Milad Dodangeh
Wendel Mombaque dos Santos
Leila Doshmangir
John Dube
Ebrahim Eini
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Maha El Tantawi
Daniel Berhanie Enyew
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Mohamad Ezati Asar
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Emerito Jose A Faraon
Ali Fatehizadeh
Hamed Fattahi
Ginenus Fekadu
Florian Fischer
Nataliya A Foigt
Kayode Raphael Fowobaje
Alberto Freitas
Takeshi Fukumoto
Nancy Fullman
Peter Andras Gaal
Amiran Gamkrelidze
M A Garcia-Gordillo
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Urge Gerema
Mansour Ghafourifard
Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
Reza Ghanbari
Ahmad Ghashghaee
Ali Gholamrezanezhad
Mahaveer Golechha
Davide Golinelli
Yitayal Ayalew Goshu
Girma Garedew Goyomsa
Avirup Guha
Damitha Asanga Gunawardane
Bhawna Gupta
Samer Hamidi
Harapan Harapan
Reza Hashempour
Khezar Hayat
Golnaz Heidari
Ileana Heredia-Pi
Claudiu Herteliu
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
Kamal Hezam
Yuta Hiraike
Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa
Ramesh Holla
Mohammad Enamul Hoque
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Sorin Hostiuc
Salman Hussain
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Mustapha Immurana
Arnaud Iradukunda
Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
Gaetano Isola
Linda Merin J
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Mahsa Jalili
Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia
Tahereh Javaheri
Sathish Kumar Jayapal
Digisie Mequanint Jemere
Tamas Joo
Nitin Joseph
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Mikk Jürisson
Billingsley Kaambwa
Vidya Kadashetti
Rajendra Kadel
Dler Hussein Kadir
Laleh R Kalankesh
Rajesh Kamath
Himal Kandel
Rami S Kantar
Shama D Karanth
Ibraheem M Karaye
Salah Eddin Karimi
Bekalu Getnet Kassa
Gbenga A Kayode
Leila Keikavoosi-Arani
Vikash Ranjan Keshri
Cumali Keskin
Yousef Saleh Khader
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Himanshu Khajuria
Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
Zemene Demelash Kifle
Hanna Kim
Jihee Kim
Min Seo Kim
Yun Jin Kim
Adnan Kisa
Stefan Kohler
Farzad Kompani
Soewarta Kosen
Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana
Ai Koyanagi
Kewal Krishan
Dian Kusuma
Judit Lám
Demetris Lamnisos
Anders O Larsson
Sang-woong Lee
Shaun Wen Huey Lee
Wei-Chen Lee
Yo Han Lee
Jacopo Lenzi
Lee-Ling Lim
László Lorenzovici
Rafael Lozano
Vanessa Sintra Machado Machado
Farzan Madadizadeh
Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek
Razzagh Mahmoudi
Azeem Majeed
Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
Ana Laura Manda
Borhan Mansouri
Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani
Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo
Miquel Martorell
Ali Masoud
Elezebeth Mathews
Richard James Maude
Enkeleint A Mechili
Entezar Mehrabi Nasab
José João João Mendes Mendes
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J Meretoja
Mohamed Kamal Mesregah
Tomislav Mestrovic
Andreea Mirica
Erkin M Mirrakhimov
Mizan Kiros Mirutse
Moonis Mirza
Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
Awoke Misganaw
Marcello Moccia
Javad Moghadasi
Esmaeil Mohammadi
Mokhtar Mohammadi
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Marita Mohammadshahi
Shafiu Mohammed
Mohammad Mohseni
Ali H Mokdad
Lorenzo Monasta
Elias Mossialos
Ebrahim Mostafavi
Haleh Mousavi Isfahani
Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa
Shruti Murthy
Saravanan Muthupandian
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Kovin S Naidoo
Mukhammad David Naimzada
Vinay Nangia
Atta Abbas Naqvi
Biswa Prakash Nayak
Rawlance Ndejjo
Trang Huyen Nguyen
Nafise Noroozi
Jean Jacques Noubiap
Khan M Nuruzzaman
Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Bogdan Oancea
Felix Chukwudi Abrahams Obi
Abiola Ogunkoya
In-Hwan Oh
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Andrew T Olagunju
Tinuke O Olagunju
Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde
Ahmed Omar Bali
Obinna E Onwujekwe
John Nelson Opio
Adrian Otoiu
Nikita Otstavnov
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Mayowa O Owolabi
Tamás Palicz
Raffaele Palladino
Adrian Pana
Tarang Parekh
Deepak Kumar Pasupula
Jay Patel
George C Patton
Uttam Paudel
Mihaela Paun
Shrikant Pawar
Simone Perna
Navaraj Perumalsamy
Ionela-Roxana Petcu
Zahra Zahid Piracha
Mohsen Poursadeqiyan
Naeimeh Pourtaheri
Sergio I Prada
Sima Rafiei
Pankaja Raghav Raghav
Fakher Rahim
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Mosiur Rahman
Amir Masoud Rahmani
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Temam Beshir Raru
Sina Rashedi
Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi
Ramin Ravangard
Salman Rawaf
Reza Rawassizadeh
Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
Robert C Reiner
Andre M N Renzaho
Maryam Rezaei
Nazila Rezaei
Mavra A Riaz
Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez
Aly M A Saad
Basema Saddik
Saeid Sadeghian
Mohammad Reza Saeb
Umar Saeed
Maitreyi Sahu
Morteza Saki
Payman Salamati
Hedayat Salari
Sana Salehi
Abdallah M Samy
Juan Sanabria
Francesco Sanmarchi
João Vasco Santos
Milena M Santric-Milicevic
Bruno Piassi Sao Jose
Yaser Sarikhani
Brijesh Sathian
Maheswar Satpathy
Miloje Savic
Yaser Sayadi
Falk Schwendicke
Subramanian Senthilkumaran
Sadaf G Sepanlou
Edson Serván-Mori
Naomi Setshegetso
Allen Seylani
Saeed Shahabi
Masood Ali Shaikh
Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov
Mohd Shanawaz
Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew
Nigussie Tadesse Sharew
Rajesh Sharma
Maryam Shayan
Aziz Sheikh
Suchitra M Shenoy
Adithi Shetty
Pavanchand H Shetty
K M Shivakumar
Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva
Wudneh Simegn
Jasvinder A Singh
Kuldeep Singh
Natia Skhvitaridze
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin
Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina
Bogdan Socea
Yonatan Solomon
Suhang Song
Simona Cătălina Ștefan
Muhammad Suleman
Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
Nathan Y Tat
Vivian Y Tat
Belay Negash Tefera
Ales Tichopad
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
Lorainne Tudor Car
Derara Girma Tufa
Tommi Juhani Vasankari
Milena Vasic
Dominique Vervoort
Vasily Vlassov
Bay Vo
Linh Gia Vu
Yasir Waheed
Richard G Wamai
Cong Wang
Gizachew Tadesse Wassie
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Sanni Yaya
Arzu Yigit
Vahit Yiğit
Naohiro Yonemoto
Mustafa Z Younis
Chuanhua Yu
Ismaeel Yunusa
Leila Zaki
Burhan Abdullah Zaman
Alireza Zangeneh
Ali Zare Dehnavi
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Wu Zeng
Zhi-Jiang Zhang
Liesl J Zuhlke
Yves Miel H Zuniga
Simon I Hay
Christopher J L Murray
Joseph L Dieleman

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The Lancet Global Health

The Lancet Global Health 11 (3), e385-e413, 2023-03

Elsevier BV

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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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