An International Adult Guideline for Making Clozapine Titration Safer by Using Six Ancestry-Based Personalized Dosing Titrations, CRP, and Clozapine Levels

  • Jose de Leon
    Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
  • Georgios Schoretsanitis
    Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
  • Robert L. Smith
    Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  • Espen Molden
    Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  • Anssi Solismaa
    Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  • Niko Seppälä
    Department of Psychiatry, Satasairaala, Finland
  • Miloslav Kopeček
    National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
  • Patrik Švancer
    National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
  • Ismael Olmos
    Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Pharmacy Department, Vilardebó Hospital, Administración de Servicios de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • Carina Ricciardi
    Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Outpatient Clinic, Vilardebó Hospital, Administración de Servicios de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • Celso Iglesias-Garcia
    Universidad de Oviedo. CIBERSAM. INEUROPA. ISPA-FIMBA, Oviedo, Spain
  • Ana Iglesias-Alonso
    Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
  • Edoardo Spina
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
  • Can-Jun Ruan
    Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • Chuan-Yue Wang
    The National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • Gang Wang
    The National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • Yi-Lang Tang
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
  • Shih-Ku Lin
    Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
  • Hsien-Yuan Lane
    Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  • Yong Sik Kim
    Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
  • Se Hyun Kim
    Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  • Anto P. Rajkumar
    Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
  • Dinora F. González-Esquivel
    Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
  • Helgi Jung-Cook
    Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
  • Trino Baptista
    Department of Physiology, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela
  • Christopher Rohde
    Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
  • Jimmi Nielsen
    Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Hélène Verdoux
    Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
  • Clelia Quiles
    Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team Pharmacoepidemiology, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
  • Emilio J. Sanz
    Department of Physical Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
  • Carlos De Las Cuevas
    Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), University of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
  • Dan Cohen
    Dutch Clozapine Collaboration Group, Castricum, The Netherlands
  • Peter F.J. Schulte
    Dutch Clozapine Collaboration Group, Castricum, The Netherlands
  • Aygün Ertuğrul
    Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  • A. Elif Anıl Yağcıoğlu
    Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  • Nitin Chopra
    Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
  • Betsy McCollum
    Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
  • Charles Shelton
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
  • Robert O. Cotes
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
  • Arun R. Kaithi
    Hazelwood Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
  • John M. Kane
    The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
  • Saeed Farooq
    School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, and Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
  • Chee H. Ng
    Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • John Bilbily
    Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
  • Christoph Hiemke
    Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Mainz, Germany
  • Carlos López-Jaramillo
    Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría GIPSI, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  • Ian McGrane
    Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
  • Fernando Lana
    Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
  • Chin B. Eap
    Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Manuel Arrojo-Romero
    Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • Flavian Ş. Rădulescu
    Center for Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
  • Erich Seifritz
    Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
  • Susanna Every-Palmer
    Te Korowai Whāriki Central Regional Forensic Service, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
  • Chad A. Bousman
    Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, Physiology & Pharmacology, and Community Health Sciences University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Emmanuel Bebawi
    Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
  • Rahul Bhattacharya
    East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  • Deanna L. Kelly
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
  • Yuji Otsuka
    Department of Psychiatry, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
  • Judit Lazary
    National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
  • Rafael Torres
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  • Agustin Yecora
    Secretaría de Salud Mental y Adicciones, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
  • Mariano Motuca
    Instituto Vilapriño, Center for Studies, Assistance and Research in Neurosciences, Mendoza, Argentina
  • Sherry K.W. Chan
    Department of Psychiatry, LSK Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
  • Monica Zolezzi
    College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • Sami Ouanes
    Department of Psychiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • Domenico De Berardis
    NHS, Department of Mental Health, “G. Mazzini” Hospital, Teramo, Italy
  • Sandeep Grover
    Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  • Ric M. Procyshyn
    British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  • Richard A. Adebayo
    Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
  • Oleg O. Kirilochev
    Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan, Russian Federation
  • Andrey Soloviev
    Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
  • Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis
    3rd Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
  • Alina Wilkowska
    Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
  • Wiesław J. Cubała
    Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
  • Muhammad Ayub
    Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, Canada
  • Alzira Silva
    Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de S. João, Porto, Portugal
  • Raphael M. Bonelli
    Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
  • José M. Villagrán-Moreno
    Department of Neurosciences, Jerez University Hospital, Andalusian Health Service, University of Cadiz, Jerez, Spain
  • Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Sevilla, Spain
  • Henk Temmingh
    Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Valkenberg Hospital, Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  • Eric Decloedt
    Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  • Maria R. Pedro
    Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
  • Hiroyoshi Takeuchi
    Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  • Masaru Tsukahara
    Department of Psychiatry, Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
  • Gerhard Gründer
    Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  • Marina Sagud
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • Andreja Celofiga
    Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
  • Dragana Ignjatovic Ristic
    University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Kragujevac, Serbia
  • Bruno B. Ortiz
    Group of Resistant Schizophrenia (GER), Schizophrenia Program (Proesq), Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
  • Helio Elkis
    Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • António J. Pacheco Palha
    Department and Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Oporto Faculty of Medicine, Oporto, Portugal
  • Adrián LLerena
    INUBE Biosanitary Research Institute of Extremadura. Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Badajoz, Spain
  • Emilio Fernandez-Egea
    Cambridge Psychosis Centre, Cambrigeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust & Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • Dan Siskind
    Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
  • Abraham Weizman
    Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
  • Rim Masmoudi
    Psychiatry “A” Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
  • Shamin Mohd Saffian
    Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Jonathan G. Leung
    Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
  • Peter F. Buckley
    School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
  • Stephen R. Marder
    Semel Institute for Neuroscience at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Leslie Citrome
    New York Medical College, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Valhalla, NY, USA
  • Oliver Freudenreich
    Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
  • Christoph U. Correll
    The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
  • Daniel J. Müller
    Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This international guideline proposes improving clozapine package inserts worldwide by using ancestry-based dosing and titration. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) databases suggest that clozapine is the third most toxic drug in the United States (US), and it produces four times higher worldwide pneumonia mortality than that by agranulocytosis or myocarditis. For trough steady-state clozapine serum concentrations, the therapeutic reference range is narrow, from 350 to 600 ng/mL with the potential for toxicity and ADRs as concentrations increase. Clozapine is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2 (female non-smokers, the lowest dose; male smokers, the highest dose). Poor metabolizer status through phenotypic conversion is associated with co-prescription of inhibitors (including oral contraceptives and valproate), obesity, or inflammation with C-reactive protein (CRP) elevations. The Asian population (Pakistan to Japan) or the Americas’ original inhabitants have lower CYP1A2 activity and require lower clozapine doses to reach concentrations of 350 ng/mL. In the US, daily doses of 300–600 mg/day are recommended. Slow personalized titration may prevent early ADRs (including syncope, myocarditis, and pneumonia). This guideline defines six personalized titration schedules for inpatients: 1) ancestry from Asia or the original people from the Americas with lower metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing minimum therapeutic dosages of 75–150 mg/day, 2) ancestry from Asia or the original people from the Americas with average metabolism needing 175–300 mg/day, 3) European/Western Asian ancestry with lower metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing 100–200 mg/day, 4) European/Western Asian ancestry with average metabolism needing 250–400 mg/day, 5) in the US with ancestries other than from Asia or the original people from the Americas with lower clozapine metabolism (obesity or valproate) needing 150–300 mg/day, and 6) in the US with ancestries other than from Asia or the original people from the Americas with average clozapine metabolism needing 300–600 mg/day. Baseline and weekly CRP monitoring for at least four weeks is required to identify any inflammation, including inflammation secondary to clozapine rapid titration.</jats:p>

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