Large-eddy simulations and modal reconstruction of laminar transonic buffet

<jats:p>Transonic buffet refers to the self-sustained periodic motion of shock waves observed in transonic flows over wings and can limit the flight envelope of aircraft. Based on the boundary layer characteristics at the shock foot, buffet has been classified as laminar or turbulent and the mechanisms underlying the two have been proposed to be different (Dandois <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>J. Fluid Mech.</jats:italic>, vol. 18, 2018, pp. 156–178). The effect of various flow parameters (freestream Mach and Reynolds numbers and sweep and incidence angles) on laminar transonic buffet on an infinite wing (Dassault Aviation's supercritical V2C aerofoil) is reported here by performing large-eddy simulations (LES) for a wide range of parameters. A spectral proper orthogonal decomposition identified the presence of a low-frequency mode associated with buffet and high-frequency wake modes related to vortex shedding. A flow reconstruction based only on the former shows periodic boundary-layer separation and reattachment accompanying shock wave motion. A modal reconstruction based only on the wake mode suggests that the separation bubble breathing phenomenon reported by Dandois <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> is due to this mode. Together, these results indicate that the physical mechanisms governing laminar and turbulent buffet are the same. Buffet was also simulated at zero incidence. Shock waves appear on both aerofoil surfaces and oscillate out of phase with each other indicating the occurrence of a Type I buffet (Giannelis <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aerosp. Sci. Technol.</jats:italic>, vol. 18, 2018, pp. 89–101) on a supercritical aerofoil. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying different buffet types are the same.</jats:p>