Consideration of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders from a global perspective

  • Michelle M. Mielke
    Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
  • Neelum T. Aggarwal
    Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
  • Clara Vila‐Castelar
    Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts Boston USA
  • Puja Agarwal
    Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
  • Eider M. Arenaza‐Urquijo
    Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
  • Benjamin Brett
    Department of Neurosurgery Medical College of Wisconsin Wisconsin Milwaukee USA
  • Anna Brugulat‐Serrat
    Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) Pasqual Maragall Foundation Barcelona Spain
  • Lyndsey E. DuBose
    Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado USA
  • Willem S. Eikelboom
    Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
  • Jason Flatt
    Social and Behavioral Health Program, School of Public Health University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas Nevada USA
  • Nancy S. Foldi
    Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center City University of New York New York USA
  • Sanne Franzen
    Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
  • Paola Gilsanz
    Kaiser Permanente Division of Research Oakland California USA
  • Wei Li
    Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
  • Alison J. McManus
    Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
  • Debora Melo van Lent
    UT Health San Antonio Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative diseases San Antonio Texas USA
  • Sadaf Arefi Milani
    Division of Geriatrics & Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas USA
  • C. Elizabeth Shaaban
    Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
  • Shana D. Stites
    Department of Psychiatry Perlman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
  • Erin Sundermann
    Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego California USA
  • Vidyani Suryadevara
    Department of Orthopedic Surgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
  • Jean‐Francoise Trani
    Department of Public Health Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
  • Arlener D. Turner
    Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
  • Jet M. J. Vonk
    Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York New York USA
  • Yakeel T. Quiroz
    Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts Boston USA
  • Ganesh M. Babulal
    Department of Neurology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Mississippi USA

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p>Sex or gender differences in the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) differ by world region, suggesting that there are potentially modifiable risk factors for intervention. However, few epidemiological or clinical ADRD studies examine sex differences; even fewer evaluate gender in the context of ADRD risk. The goals of this perspective are to: (1) provide definitions of gender, biologic sex, and sexual orientation. and the limitations of examining these as binary variables; (2) provide an overview of what is known with regard to sex and gender differences in the risk, prevention, and diagnosis of ADRD; and (3) discuss these sex and gender differences from a global, worldwide perspective. Identifying drivers of sex and gender differences in ADRD throughout the world is a first step in developing interventions unique to each geographical and sociocultural area to reduce these inequities and to ultimately reduce global ADRD risk.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights</jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type="bullet"> <jats:list-item><jats:p>The burden of dementia is unevenly distributed geographically and by sex and gender.</jats:p></jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:p>Scientific advances in genetics and biomarkers challenge beliefs that sex is binary.</jats:p></jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:p>Discrimination against women and sex and gender minority (SGM) populations contributes to cognitive decline.</jats:p></jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:p>Sociocultural factors lead to gender inequities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) worldwide.</jats:p></jats:list-item> </jats:list></jats:p></jats:sec>

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