Neural control of gut homeostasis

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  • Nasser Abdullah
    Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Manon Defaye
    Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • Christophe Altier
    Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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<jats:p>The gut-brain axis is a coordinated communication system that not only maintains homeostasis, but significantly influences higher cognitive functions and emotions, as well as neurological and behavioral disorders. Among the large populations of sensory and motor neurons that innervate the gut, insights into the function of primary afferent nociceptors, whose cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglia and nodose ganglia, have revealed their multiple crosstalk with several cell types within the gut wall, including epithelial, vascular, and immune cells. These bidirectional communications have immunoregulatory functions, control host response to pathogens, and modulate sensations associated with gastrointestinal disorders, through activation of immune cells and glia in the peripheral and central nervous system, respectively. Here, we will review the cellular and neurochemical basis of these interactions at the periphery, in dorsal root ganglia, and in the spinal cord. We will discuss the research gaps that should be addressed to get a better understanding of the multifunctional role of sensory neurons in maintaining gut homeostasis and regulating visceral sensitivity.</jats:p>

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