Clinical development of a blood biomarker using apolipoprotein-A2 isoforms for early detection of pancreatic cancer

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>We have previously reported apolipoprotein A2-isoforms (apoA2-is) as candidate plasma biomarkers for early-stage pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was the clinical development of apoA2-is.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>We established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assay for apoA2-is under the Japanese medical device Quality Management System requirements and performed in vitro diagnostic tests with prespecified end points using 2732 plasma samples. The clinical equivalence and significance of apoA2-is were compared with CA19-9.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The point estimate of the area under the curve to distinguish between pancreatic cancer (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 106) and healthy controls (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 106) was higher for apoA2-ATQ/AT [0.879, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.832–0.925] than for CA19-9 (0.849, 95% CI 0.793–0.905) and achieved the primary end point. The cutoff apoA2-ATQ/AT of 59.5 μg/mL was defined based on a specificity of 95% in 2000 healthy samples, and the reliability of specificities was confirmed in two independent healthy cohorts as 95.3% (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 106, 95% CI 89.4–98.0%) and 95.8% (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 400, 95% CI 93.3–97.3%). The sensitivities of apoA2-ATQ/AT for detecting both stage I (47.4%) and I/II (50%) pancreatic cancers were higher than those of CA19-9 (36.8% and 46.7%, respectively). The combination of apoA2-ATQ/AT (cutoff, 59.5 μg/mL) and CA19-9 (37 U/mL) increased the sensitivity for pancreatic cancer to 87.7% compared with 69.8% for CA19-9 alone. The clinical performance of apoA2-is was blindly confirmed by the National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Network.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>The clinical performance of ApoA2-ATQ/AT as a blood biomarker is equivalent to or better than that of CA19-9.</jats:p> </jats:sec>