ATM depletion induces proteasomal degradation of FANCD2 and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to PARP inhibitors

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Genomic alterations, including loss of function in chromosome band 11q22-23, are frequently observed in neuroblastoma, which is the most common extracranial childhood tumour. In neuroblastoma, <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic>, a DNA damage response-associated gene located on 11q22-23, has been linked to tumorigenicity. Genetic changes in <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> are heterozygous in most tumours. However, it is unclear how ATM is associated with tumorigenesis and cancer aggressiveness.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>To elucidate its molecular mechanism of action, we established <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic>-inactivated NGP and CHP-134 neuroblastoma cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The knock out cells were rigorously characterized by analyzing proliferation, colony forming abilities and responses to PARP inhibitor (Olaparib). Western blot analyses were performed to detect different protein expression related to DNA repair pathway. ShRNA lentiviral vectors were used to knockdown ATM expression in SK-N-AS and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> knock out cells were stably transfected with FANCD2 expression plasmid to over-expressed the FANCD2. Moreover, knock out cells were treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 to determine the protein stability of FANCD2. FANCD2, RAD51 and γH2AX protein expressions were determined by Immunofluorescence microscopy.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Haploinsufficient <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> resulted in increased proliferation (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01) and cell survival following PARP inhibitor (olaparib) treatment. However, complete <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> knockout decreased proliferation (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01) and promoted cell susceptibility to olaparib (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01). Complete loss of ATM suppressed the expression of DNA repair-associated molecules FANCD2 and RAD51 and induced DNA damage in neuroblastoma cells. A marked downregulation of FANCD2 expression was also observed in shRNA-mediated ATM-knockdown neuroblastoma cells. Inhibitor experiments demonstrated that the degradation of FANCD2 was regulated at the protein level through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Reintroduction of FANCD2 expression is sufficient to reverse decreased proliferation mediated by ATM depletion.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Our study revealed the molecular mechanism underlying <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> heterozygosity in neuroblastomas and elucidated that <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> inactivation enhances the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to olaparib treatment. These findings might be useful in the treatment of high-risk NB patients showing <jats:italic>ATM</jats:italic> zygosity and aggressive cancer progression in future.</jats:p> </jats:sec>