Allantopyrone A activates Keap1–Nrf2 pathway and protects PC12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death

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Keap1-Nrf2 system is known as a sensor of electrophilic compounds, and protects cells from oxidative stress through induction of various antioxidant enzymes. We found by proteomic analysis that allantopyrone A, a metabolite isolated from an endophytic fungus, upregulates the expression of proteins that are regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2. Indeed, allantopyrone A increased the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 in PC12 cells. Moreover, it induced localization of Nrf2 in the nucleus. Affinity purification of allantopyrone A-binding protein showed that this compound could bind directly to Keap1. Allantopyrone A suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species level and cell death induced by H

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